1、 Second Edition Manual of Water Supply Practices M53 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes for Drinking Water Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Manual of Water Supply PracticesM53, Second Edition Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes for Drinking Wa
2、ter Copyright 2005, 2016 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excer
3、pts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, spec
4、ial, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for t
5、he purchase of this book. If you find errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/resource-development-groups/manuals-program.aspx. Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Senior Manuals Specialist: Molly Beach
6、 Senior Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong, Andy Peterson Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Delphos, Paul J., author. | American Water Works Association. Title: Microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes for drinking water / by Paul J. Delphos. Description: Second edition
7、. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association, 2015 | Series: AWWA manual ; M53 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Revised edition of: Microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes for drinking water. 2005. Identifiers: LCCN 2015036206 | ISBN 9781583219713 (alk. paper) Subjects:
8、LCSH: Water-Purification-Membrane filtration. | Ultrafiltration. Classification: LCC TD442.5 .D44 2015 | DDC 628.1/64-dc23 LC record available at http:/lccn.loc .gov/2015036206 American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org Printed in the United States of Ame
9、rica ISBN: 978-1-58321-971-3 eISBN: 978-1-61300-249-0 hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the
10、water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Contents Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual 53 List of Figures, vii List of Tables, xi Preface, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Metric Conversions, xvii Chapter 1 Introductio
11、n to Low-Pressure Membrane Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Process Overview, 2 Growth of Membrane Technology, 3 Historical Overview of MF and UF, 4 Current Status, 6 Future Trends, 6 References, 7 Chapter 2 Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Water-Quality Factors, 9 Particle Removal, 11 Microbial Control, 12 Organic Control, 17 Inorganic Control, 22 References, 25 Chapter 3 Membrane Science and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Water Permeation Acros
13、s Clean MF/UF Membranes, 33 Reductions in Membrane Productivity, 38 Summary, 48 Acknowledgments, 49 References, 49 Chapter 4 System Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Membrane Materials and Geometries, 53 Process Design, 57 MF
14、and UF Operation Concepts, 60 Membrane Backwashing and Pretreatment/Posttreatment, 61 Membrane Pretreatment, 62 Posttreatment, 63 Chemical Cleaning, 63 Membrane Integrity Testing, 64 References, 70 Chapter 5 Pilot Testing of Membrane Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、. . 71 Pilot-Testing Protocol, 73 Hydraulic Performance Evaluation, 75 Sample Results and Organization of Pilot Study, 81 References, 85 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv AWWA Manual M53 MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES FOR DRINKING WATER Chapter 6
16、Membrane System Design Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Site-Specific Issues, 88 Membrane-Specific Issues, 93 Membrane System Design Issues, 98 References, 109 Chapter 7 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Differences Between MF/UF and Conventional Granular Media Filtration, 112 How To Control an MF/UF Plant, 113 Data Collection and Recordkeeping, 115 Process Monitoring, 116 Special Operating Considerations for Various System Designs, 118 Maintaining Productivity, 119 Maint
18、aining Filtrate Quality, 125 Troubleshooting and Proactive Ideas, 127 Training, 129 Safety, 129 References, 129 Chapter 8 Membrane Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Membrane Filtration For Turbidity and Microbial Removal in Early Plants,
19、 132 Integrated Process Applications Emergence of the Predominant Treatment Approach, 133 Pretreatment by Low-Pressure Membranes, 134 Midtreatment Process by Low-Pressure Membranes, 135 Final Treatment by Low-Pressure Membranes, 136 Summary, 144 References, 144 Chapter 8A San Jose Water Company, Sar
20、atoga Water Treatment Plant Microfiltration of Variable-Quality River Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chapter 8B Lyonnaise Water, Bernay Water Treatment Plant, Bernay, FranceOne of the Worlds First Ultrafiltration (UF) Membrane Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Chapter 8C Coliban Water, Sandhurst Water Treatment Plant Submerged Microfiltration of Reservoir Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Chapter 8D Barrow Utilities Electric Cooperative Inc.Microfiltration/ Nanofiltration D
22、ual-Membrane Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Chapter 8E Brazos River Authority, Lake Granbury Surface Water Advanced Treatment SystemUltrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Integrated Membrane System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . 163 Chapter 8F Seekonk, MassachusettsIron and Manganese Removal Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Chapter 8G Fallon Paiute-Shoshone TribeCoagulation/Microfiltration Facility for Arsenic Removal . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Chapter 8H Lakeview Water Treatment Plant Region of Peel, Ontario, CanadaMeeting Water-Quality Objectives Through MF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Chapter 8I Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, FacilityPolishing of Finished Water Reservoir Water
25、Using Microfiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v AWWA Manual M53 CONTENTS Chapter 9 Cost of Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membrane Systems . . . . . . 189 Project Management and Administrative Cos
26、ts, 190 Membrane Procurement Costs, 191 Membrane System Capital Cost Considerations, 192 Additional Capital Cost Considerations, 193 Operational Costs, 194 Generalized Membrane Equipment Costs, 196 Generalized Construction and Installation Costs, 198 Operations and Maintenance Costs, 199 Summary, 20
27、0 Chapter 10 Residuals and Their Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration Residuals, 201 MF/UF Residuals Management Mostly States Responsibility, 206 Location a Factor in Choosing Disposal Methods, 209 Some Backwash Disposal and Tre
28、atment Methods More Common Than Others, 210 Chemicals a Factor in Handling Cleaning Solutions, 212 Summary, 213 Recommendations, 214 References, 214 Chapter 11 Future Trends in Low-Pressure Membrane Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Background, 217 Survey Description, 218 Index, 227 AWWA Ma
29、nuals, 235 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M53 Figures 1-1 Membrane removal size ranges, 2 1-2 Growth in use of membrane technolog
30、y: 19942009, 3 2-1 Summarized influent and effluent turbidity results from the literature review, 11 2-2 Summarized MF/UF particle count log removals from the literature review, 12 3-1 Effect of temperature (035C) on water viscosity at 1 atm pressure, 36 3-2 Effect of temperature (035C) on permeate
31、flux and viscosity normalized to 20C, 37 3-3 Flux reduction as a function of the ratio of pore diameter and membrane effective thickness (assume porosity is constant, or r/r0 = 1), 40 3-4 Calculations of specific resistance and modified fouling index during surface water filtration, 42 3-5 Determina
32、tion of cake compressibility, 43 4-1 Hollow fiber tube, 56 4-2 Tubular membranes, 56 4-3 Three membrane system configurations , 59 5-1 Seasonal impacts on water quality for surface water , 72 5-2 Process flow diagram, example membrane pilot project, 77 5-3 Graph of key hydraulic variables, 84 5-4 Cl
33、eaning interval in days for three membrane suppliers (A, B, C), 84 6-1 Temperature-compensated flow example, 91 6-2 Irreversible membrane fouling, 98 6-3 Pressure-driven membrane system, 100 6-4 Vacuum-driven membrane system, 100 6-5 Feedback control approach, 103 6-6 Feedforward control approach, 1
34、03 6-7 Common feed pressure manifold, 105 6-8 Individual unit pump arrangement, 105 6-9 Vacuum system pump arrangement, 106 7-1 Exaggerated comparison of a well-operated membrane system to one operated at overly aggressive conditions, such as excessive flux, 123 7-2 Exaggerated example comparing a p
35、ressure decay test with good integrity to one with a broken fiber, 126 7-3 Air leaks from encased and immersed systems, 127 8-1 Simplified process schematic for direct treatment of surface water or GWUDI using a low-pressure membrane system, 133 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All R
36、ights Reserved.viii AWWA Manual M53 MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES FOR DRINKING WATER 8-2 Simplified process flow schematic for low-pressure membrane system used in conjunction with coagulation, flocculation, and clarification as pretreatment to RO (conventional pretreatmentintegrated
37、 membrane process filtration), 136 8-3 Simplified process flow schematic for low-pressure membrane system for removal of dissolved iron and manganese from groundwater (oxidation membrane filtration), 137 8-4 Simplified process schematic for low-pressure membrane filtration system for arsenic removal
38、 from groundwater (in-line coagulationmembrane filtration), 138 8-5 TOC reduction by using membrane filtration comparing to conventional media filtration using different concentrations of coagulant, 139 8-6 Simplified process schematic for low-pressure membrane filtration system for TOC removal from
39、 water (in-line coagulationenhanced coagulation membrane filtration), 139 8-7 Simplified process flow schematic for low-pressure membrane system for membrane reject concentration, 141 8-8 Simplified process flow schematic: Low-pressure membrane system reduction of clarifier blow down and filter back
40、wash volumes from a conventional treatment plant designed to treat Fe and Mn, 141 8-9 Simplified process flow schematic for low-pressure membrane system used in conjunction with coagulation and flocculation (direct membrane filtration), 141 8-10 Simplified process flow schematic for low-pressure mem
41、brane system used in conjunction with coagulation, flocculation, and clarification (conventional pretreatmentmembrane filtration), 143 8A-1 Photo of 6 90 M10C system at Saratoga WTP, 148 8B-1 Bernay membrane plant, 152 8B-2 Bernay UF system process flow diagram, 153 8B-3 Membrane modules, 154 8C-1 F
42、low schematic for Sandhurst WTP, 157 8C-2 Photo of CMF-S cells at Sandhurst WTP, 158 8D-1 Flow schematic for BUECI MF/NF demonstration plant, 160 8D-2 Photo of dual-membrane demonstration plant (NF units in foreground; MF unit in background), 161 8E-1 Advanced treatment process flow diagram and wate
43、r balance, 165 8E-2 Photo of the UF and RO membrane systems (UF units in foreground; RO units in background), 166 8F-1 Flow schematic, Seekonk UF plant, 170 8F-2 Seekonk Water District UF membrane plant floor, 171 8G-1 Pall C/MF pilot plant at NAS Fallon, 176 8G-2 Process schematic of the C/MF syste
44、m for the Paiute-Shoshone tribe, 176 8H-1 CAPEX flow diagram of ozone, BACC, UF membrane treatment process for the 95.4-mgd expansion of Lakeview WTP, 178 8H-2 General process flow diagram, 179 8H-3 Pilot plant resultsorganics, 182 8H-4 Pilot resultsdisinfection by-products formation, 182 8I-1 Simpl
45、ified process schematic of MF system treating finished reservoir water, 186 8I-2 Pall Microza racks, 187 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ix AWWA Manual M53 CONTENTS 9-1 Estimation of membrane area using average daily flux, 196 9-2 Membrane equipment costspressuri
46、zed systems, 197 9-3 Membrane equipment costssubmerged membrane systems, 197 9-4 MF/UF membrane facility costs including equipment (2003), 199 9-5 O&M costs of MF/UF systems, 200 10-1 Process flow diagram for pressurized and submerged systems illustrating different waste streams, 203 10-2 Low-pressu
47、re membrane residuals decision tree, 210 10-3 Survey of low-pressure membrane backwash and CIP residual disposal practices, 213 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.xi
48、Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M53 Tables 2-1 Potential MF and UF pretreatment to achieve substantial removal for specified contaminants, 10 2-2 Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst removal results for MF and UF membrane systems, 14 2-3 Other microbial removal results for MF and UF membrane systems
49、, 15 2-4 Bacillus spore removal results for MF and UF membrane systems, 16 2-5 MS-2 bacteriophage removal results for MF and UF membrane systems, 18 2-6 Color removal results for MF and UF membrane systems, 20 2-7 Taste-and-odor removal results for MF and UF membrane systems, 21 3-1 Variation of aqueous viscosity with temperature at atmospheric pressure, 36 4-1 Characteristics of selected membrane materials, 54 4-2 Advantages and disadvantages of hollow fiber and tubular configurations for microfiltration and ul
