1、Science and TechnologyAWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technologicalknowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance publichealth and safety. AWWA also provides quality improve
2、ment programs for water and wastewater utilities.PE PipeDesign and InstallationAWWA MANUAL M55First EditionPrinted on recycled paperMANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICESM55, First EditionPE PipeDesign and InstallationCopyright 2006 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publ
3、ication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system,except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission ofthe publisher.DisclaimerThe a
4、uthors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of thecontent or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special,incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book.
5、Inparticular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred asa result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase ofthis book.Project Manager/Copy Editor: Melissa ChristensenProduction: Glacier Publishing Ser
6、vices, Inc.Manuals Coordinator: Beth BehnerLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPE pipe : design and installation.- 1st ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-58321-387-21. Pipe, Plastic Design and Construction. 2. Polyethylene.TA448.P4 2005628.15-dc222005055888Pr
7、inted in the United States of America.American Water Works Association6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098ISBN 1-58321-387-2ContentsiiiList of Figures, viiList of Tables, xiList of Terms and Equation Symbols, xiiiList of Conversions, xviiMetric Conversions, xviiCelsius/Fahrenheit Comparison
8、Graph, xxiDecimal Equivalents of Fractions, xxiiPreface, xxiiiAcknowledgments, xxvChapter 1Engineering Properties ofPolyethylene 1Introduction, 1Polymer Characteristics, 1Mechanical Properties, 3Other Physical Properties, 7Chemical Properties, 9Environmental Considerations, 12Long-Term Properties, 1
9、3Industry Standards, 15Conclusion, 18References, 18Chapter 2Manufacturing, Testing, and Inspection 21Introduction, 21Pipe Manufacture, 22Fittings Manufacture, 23Testing and Inspection, 25Conclusion, 27References, 27Chapter 3Hydraulics of PE Pipe .29Introduction, 29Determining the Flow Diameter of a
10、PE Pipe, 29Friction Head Loss, 30Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor, 30Hazen-Williams Formula, 36Fittings, 37Air Binding, 38Chapter 4Working Pressure Rating 39Introduction, 39Pressure Class, 40Surge Considerations, 41Working Pressure Rating, 44ivMolded and Fabricated Fittings, 47References, 48Chapter 5E
11、xternal Load Design .49Introduction, 49Dead Loads, 50Live Loads, 51Surcharge Loads, 54Ring Deflection, 57Wall Buckling, 61Wall Compressive Stress, 63Design Window, 64Example No. 1, 65Example No. 2, 67Example No. 3, 68Example No. 4, 69Example No. 5, 70References, 70Chapter 6Joining and Fitings 73Heat
12、 Fusion Joining, 73Mechanical Joining, 80Mainline Fittings, 84Branching and Tapping, 86Service Connections, 87References, 88Chapter 7 Transportation, Handling, and Storage of Pipe and Fitings .91Receiving Inspection, 91Product Packaging, 91Checking the Order, 92Load Inspection, 92Receiving Report an
13、d Reporting Damage, 94Unloading Instructions, 94Unloading Site Requirements, 94Handling Equipment, 94Unloading Large Fabrications, 95Preinstallation Storage, 95Pipe Stacking Heights, 95Exposure to Ultraviolet Light and Weather, 96Cold Weather Handling, 96Field Handling, 96Chapter 8Instalation99Gener
14、al Considerations, 99Underground Installations, 99Special Installation Techniques, 113Marine Installations, 116References, 126vChapter 9Hydrotesting and Commissioning 127Flushing, 127Filling, 127Leak Testing, 127Records, 130Disinfection, 130Commissioning, 131References, 131Chapter 10Maintenance and
15、Repairs 133Disinfecting Water Mains, 133Cleaning, 133Maintenance, 133Repairs, 134New Service Connections, 136New Connections to Mains, 140References, 141Index, 143AWWA Manuals, 151This page intentionally blank.viiFigures1-1 Traditional model of HDPE, 41-2 Generalized tensile stressstrain curve for P
16、E pipe grades, 62-1 Typical extrusion line, 232-2 Typical pipe extruder, 232-3 Typical injection molding machine, 242-4 Prefabricated 90 elbow being attached in field, 243-1 Moody diagram, 355-1 AASHTO HS20 wheel load distribution, 525-2 Load distribution over buried pipe, 555-3 Ovality correction f
17、actor, 646-1 Butt fusion joint, 756-2 Typical butt fusion machine (butt fusion machines are available to fuse pipe up to 65 in. in diameter), 756-3 Conventional saddle fusion joint, 776-4 Typical electrofusion saddle fusion, 776-5 Socket fusion joining, 796-6 Typical electrofusion joint, 796-7 Typic
18、al electrofusion fitting and control box (lower right), 796-8 Mechanical compression coupling with restraintPE restrained by electrofusion flex restraintsPVC pipe restrained using a tapered gripping ring, 816-9 PE flange adapter, 826-10 Mechanical flange adapter, 856-11 MJ adapter, 856-12 Transition
19、 fittings, 866-13 Molded and fabricated elbows, 866-14 Electrofusion branch saddle connected to gate valve by MJ adapters, 876-15 Conventional saddle fusion branch saddles, 876-16 Mechanical tapping saddle, 886-17 Saddle tapping tees, 88viii6-18 High volume tapping tees (HVTT), 896-19 Corporation st
20、op saddles, 897-1 Typical silo pack truckload (40-ft trailer), 937-2 Typical bulk pack truckload (40-ft trailer), 937-3 Typical strip load truckload (40-ft trailer), 937-4 Forklift load capacity, 957-5 Loose pipe storage, 978-1 Trench construction and terminology, 1018-2 Trench width, 1048-3 Trench
21、box installation, 1048-4 Bend radius, 1068-5 Example haunch tamping tool, 1088-6 Pullout prevention technique, 1098-7 Pullout prevention technique, 1098-8 In-line anchor using flex restraint, 1108-9 In-line anchor using integral pipe collar (wall anchor), 1108-10 Controlling shear and bending, 1128-
22、11 Flange support at wall, 1128-12 Appurtenance support pad, 1128-13 Split backup ring, 1178-14 Concrete weight, 1228-15 Concrete weight, 1228-16 Flotation above the surface, 1228-17 Flotation at the surface, 1228-18 Deflection between floats, 1248-19 Float submergence, 12510-1 Damage to PE pipe by
23、backhoe bucket, 13510-2 Wrap-around repair sleeve used to repair small puncture holes in PE pipe, 13510-3 Electrofusion saddles are available for repairs, 13510-4 Repair using self-restraining mechanical couplings, 13710-5 Bolted, sleeve-type coupling, 137ix10-6 Insert stiffener, 13710-7 Repair usin
24、g electrofusion couplings, 13710-8 Section replacement using flanged spool, 13710-9 Section replacement by deflecting smaller pipes, 13710-10 Damage to saddle by backhoe, 13810-11 Threaded outlet repair saddle, 13810-12 90 ell compression fitting, 13810-13 Straight coupling, 13810-14 Male adapter, 1
25、3810-15 Reducing coupling, 13810-16 Attachment of mechanical saddle, 13910-17 Corp stop attached to mechanical saddle, 13910-18 Electrofusion saddle, processor, corp stop, adapters, wrench, and cutter for hot tap, 13910-19 Electrofusion saddle with corp stop and cutter attached through corp stop to
26、make hot tap, 14010-20 A 6-in. outlet saddle with MJ adapter for fusion on 8-in. PE pipe, 14010-21 Electrofusion coupling connecting PE reducing tee with mechanical joint adapter to PE pipeline, 14110-22 In-the-trench sidewall fusion to attach saddle to water line, 14110-23 Tapping sleeve with MJ ou
27、tlet, 14110-24 Compression by flange coupling for use in joining PE to other materials, 141This page intentionally blank.xiTables1-1 Effects of density, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution, 21-2 Electrical properties of PE, 91-3 ASTM D3350 cell classification limits, 161-4 Example of
28、 D3350 cell class specification, 163-1 PE 3408 polyethylene pipe iron pipe size (IPS) pipe data, 323-2 PE 3408 polyethylene pipe ductile iron pipe size (DIPS) pipe data, 343-3 Representative equivalent length in pipe diameters of various piping components, 374-1 Hydrostatic design basis (HDB) for st
29、andard PE 3408 and PE 2406 materials, 404-2 Pressure class for PE 3408 and PE 2406 pipe, 424-3 Surge pressures generated by a sudden change in water flow velocity for PE pipes operating at service temperatures through 80F (27C), 444-4 Pressure class, surge allowance, and corresponding sudden velocit
30、y change for PE 3408 pipe operating at service temperatures through 80F (27C), 454-5 Pressure class, surge allowance, and corresponding sudden velocity change for PE 2406 pipe operating at service temperatures through 80F (27C), 454-6 Temperature compensation multipliers, FT, 474-7 PE 3408 working p
31、ressure rating for recurring surge events as a result of instantaneous change in water column velocity, 475-1 Impact factors for paved road, 525-2 H20 loading (rigid pavement), 535-3 AASHTO H20 loading under flexible pavement and unpaved roads, 535-4 Cooper E-80 railroad loads, 555-5 Influence coeff
32、icients, 565-6 Apparent modulus of elasticity 73F, 585-7 Bureau of Reclamation values for E, modulus of soil reaction, 595-8 Duncan-Hartleys values of E, modulus of soil reaction, 605-9 Values of EN, modulus of soil reaction for native soil, from Howard, 615-10 Soil support factor, Sc, 615-11 Design
33、 deflection for pressure pipe, 62xii6-1 Approximate joining rates for butt fusion, 767-1 Suggested jobsite loose storage stacking heights for conventionally extruded pipe lengths, 978-1 Minimum trench width, 1048-2 Minimum cold (field) bending radius (long-term), 1068-3 Embedment soil classification
34、, 1078-4 Approximate Poisson effect pullout force, 1118-5 Recommended design factors, 1158-6 Approximate tensile yield strength values, 1158-7 Minimum short-term bending radius, 1158-8 Underwater environment factor, Ke, 1198-9 Specific gravities and specific weights at 60F (15C), 1198-10 Pipe weight
35、 conversion factors, 1208-11 Approximate ballast weight spacing, 1218-12 Polyethylene float properties, 1258-13 Submergence factor, fS, 1259-1 Standard pressure class, 129xiiiTerms and Equation SymbolsTerm or Symbol Meaninga wave velocity (celerity), ft/secA wheel contact area, in.2ATL allowable ten
36、sile load, lbB float buoyancy, lb/ftB soil elastic support factorBdtrench width at the pipe springline, in.BNnegative buoyancy, lb/ftBPbuoyancy of pipe, lb/ftC Hazen-Williams flow coefficient, dimensionlessD average inside pipe diameter, ftd float outside diameter, in.DF design factor, dimensionless
37、 the factor that is used to reduce the hydrostatic design basis to arrive at the hydrostatic design stress from which the pressure class is determined. Unless otherwise noted, the design factor for water applications is 0.5Diaverage inside pipe diameter, in.DIPS ductile iron pipe size the nominal ou
38、tside diameter is the same as ductile iron pipeDMmean diameter, in. (Do t)Doaverage outside diameter of the pipe, in.DR dimension ratio (dimensionless) the ratio of the average specified outside diameter to the specified minimum wall thickness (Do/t) for outside diameter controlled polyethylene pipe
39、E apparent modulus of elasticity for pipe material, psie natural log base number, 2.71828E design modulus of soil reaction, psiEddynamic instantaneous effective modulus of elasticity of the pipe material, psi (150,000 psi for polyethylene)EEmodulus of soil reaction of embedment soil, psiENmodulus of
40、 soil reaction of native soil, psif Darcy-Weisbach fraction factor, dimensionlessF pullout force, lbfOovality compensation factorfSAactual float submergence factorFTtemperature compensation multiplier, dimensionlessfTtensile yield design (safety) factorfYtime under tension design (safety) factorg ac
41、celeration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/sec2H soil height above pipe crown, fth float submergence below water level, in.xivHDB hydrostatic design basis, psi the categorized long-term strength in the circumferential or hoop direction for the polyethylene material as established from long-term pressure tes
42、ts in accordance with PPI TR-3 and the methodology contained in ASTM D2837HDS hydrostatic design stress, psi the hydrostatic design basis multiplied by the design factor (HDB DF)hffrictional head loss, ft of liquidHOTdepth of open trench, ftHWgroundwater height above pipe, ftI moment of inertia, in.
43、4ICinfluence coefficient, dimensionlessIDR inside dimension ratio, dimensionless the ratio of the average specified inside diameter to the specified minimum wall thickness (D/t) for inside diameter controlled polyethylene pipeIfimpact factor, dimensionlessIPS iron pipe size the nominal outside diame
44、ter is the same as iron (steel) pipeK bulk modulus of liquid at working temperature (300,000 psi for water at 73F 23C)Keunderwater environment factorL length of pipe, ftLBSballast weight spacing, ftLeqequivalent length of straight pipe, ft for fittings, the equivalent length of straight pipe that ha
45、s the same frictional head loss as the fittingLFlength of float, ftLOTlength of open trench, ftLSdistance between supports, ftLSPlength of supported pipeline, ftLttime-lag factor, dimensionlessMMdensity of foam fill, lb/ft3N safety factorP pipe internal pressure, psiP(MAX)(OS)maximum allowable syste
46、m pressure during occasional surge, psiP(MAX)(RS)maximum allowable system pressure during recurrent surge, psiPC pressure class, psi the pressure class is the design capacity to resist working pressure up to 80F (27C) with specified maximum allowances for recurring positive pressure surges above wor
47、king pressure. Pressure class also denotes the pipes maximum working pressure rating for water at 80F (27C)PCAallowable external pressure for constrained pipe, psiPE polyethylenePEearth pressure on pipe, psiPE 2406 a standard code designation for polyethylene pipe and fittings materials that has a m
48、inimum cell classification of 213333C, D, or E per ASTM D3350 and a hydrostatic design basis at 73.4F (23C) of 1250 psiPE 3408 a standard code designation for polyethylene pipe and fittings materials that has a minimum cell classification of 334434C, D, or E per ASTM D3350 and a hydrostatic design b
49、asis at 73.4F (23C) of 1600 psiPESsurcharge earth load pressure at point on pipe crown, psfTerm or Symbol MeaningxvPLvertical stress acting on pipe crown, psiPOSpressure allowance for occasional surge pressure, psi occasional surge pressures are caused by emergency operations that are usually the result of a malfunction such as power failure or system component failure, which includes pump seize-up, valve stem failure, and pressure-relief-valve failurePRSpressure allowance for recurring surge pressure, psi recurring surge p
