1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 1153:1992 Recommendations for Processing and storage of silver-gelatin-type microfilmBS1153:1992 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Information and Documentation Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Boa
2、rd and comes into effect on 1May 1992 BSI 02-1999 First published February 1944 Second edition March 1955 Third edition February 1975 Fourth edition May 1992 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference DOT/16 Draft for comment 91/96457 DC ISBN 0 580 20782 X
3、Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Information and Documentation Standards Policy Committee (DOT/-) to Technical Committee DOT/16, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Computer Society British Library Br
4、itish Office Technology Manufacturers Alliance British Photographic Association Her Majestys Stationery Office Kodak Limited London Borough of Bromley National Centre for Information Media and Technology (Cimtech) United Kingdom Association for Information and Image Management Amendments issued sinc
5、e publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS1153:1992 BSI 02-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 Processing 1 4 Measurement of residual thiosulfate content 1 5 Splices 2 6 Storage media 2 7 Storage: commercial records 2 8 Storage: archival
6、 records 3 9 Microfilm inspection and reading 3 10 Protection of originals 3 Appendix A Adjustment of microforms to the atmosphere inside the container 4 Table 1 Time required for film reconditioning 4 Publication(s) referred to Inside back coverBS1153:1992 ii BSI 02-1999 Foreword This British Stand
7、ard has been prepared under the direction of the Information and Documentation Standards Policy Committee. It supersedes BS1153:1975, which is withdrawn. BS1153 has been revised chiefly because the methods of test given in the appendices of BS1153:1975 have been superseded by the methods described i
8、nBS5706:1979. Some amendments have been made to update the recommendations in the main text. Successful long-term storage of microfilm depends on the kind of film used and the way it is processed, as well as the conditions of storage. The processed microfilm will require storage in controlled temper
9、ature and relative humidity, and protection from damage by fire, water, chemicals and biological agents, if it is to remain in good condition while in storage. This British Standard has been prepared to help users to ensure that microfilm in storage will remain in good condition as long as it is nee
10、ded. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document compr
11、ises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesiandii, pages1 to 4, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.BS1153:1992 BSI 02-1999 1 1
12、 Scope This British Standard gives recommendations for the processing and commercial or archival storage of microfilm that is in roll, sheet, strip or card form, mounted or unmounted. It applies to microfilm on a base of cellulose ester or polyester coated with a gelatin layer containing a conventio
13、nal silver image produced by the use of a liquid developer, fixer and wash system. It does not apply to the following: NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the following definitio
14、ns apply. 2.1 archival storage the storage of records that have been selected for permanent preservation 2.2 commercial storage the storage of records for a period sufficient for general business purposes 2.3 fix time the length of time any particular point on the film spends in contact with fixing
15、solution 3 Processing 3.1 General The recommendations for fixing (see 3.2) and washing (see 3.3) should be followed for all microfilms within the scope of this BritishStandard, whether for commercial or archival storage. NOTESuccessful preservation of microfilm depends on the absence of impurities.
16、If fixing is inadequate, silver compounds will be left in the film; they cause darkening of clear areas of film when exposed to light, heat and humidity. If washing is inadequate, excessive amounts of thiosulfate will be left in the film; they attack the silver image, causing discoloration and fadin
17、g. 3.2 Fixing Fixing should be complete. Unexposed film should become transparent within 50% of the fix time. If a proprietary processing system is used, fixing should be in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. The iodide content should be between 0.1g and 0.5g potassium iodide per lit
18、re in order to minimize the formation of ageing blemish microspots. To avoid excessive depletion of the fixer and build-up of silver content, the manufacturers recommendations for replacement and replenishment of the fixer should be followed. 3.3 Washing The water used for washing should be free fro
19、m insoluble precipitates and other substances in suspension. Its temperature should preferably be within the range 15C to 40C; lower temperatures may require longer washing times. The wash-water temperature should be high enough and the wash time long enough to achieve compliance with the limits rec
20、ommended in 4.2. If a washing accelerator is used, thiosulfate-destructive washing accelerators such as oxidizing agents should be avoided. NOTEIn general the length of time a film spends in the wash depends on its speed of transport through the machine. This affects all stages of processing and a s
21、hortened wash time will result in shorter development and fix times. A shorter wash time may result in high residual thiosulfate levels. 4 Measurement of residual thiosulfate content 4.1 Test samples Test samples should be taken from a clear area, i.e. area of minimum density, of the processed film
22、and tested within two weeks of processing. Test samples of 16mm and 35mm microfilm should include the full width of the film. Test samples of film intended for loading in adhesive-type aperture cards should be taken before the film is loaded. Test samples of film that is mounted in aperture cards sh
23、ould not include film that has been in contact with the card adhesive. Test samples of 105mm roll microfilm should be taken from both edges and the centre line of the roll. Test samples of processed sheet film should be taken from opposite corners and the centre. 4.2 Thiosulfate content When measure
24、d in accordance with either of the methods for determining residual thiosulfate described in BS5706, the residual thiosulfate ion content in the microfilm after processing should be not more than0.7mg/cm 2 . Processes Films dry-processed silver images vesicular diffusion transfer processes colour mo
25、nobath processing systems diazo halide reversal processesBS1153:1992 2 BSI 02-1999 4.3 Frequency of testing A high level of residual thiosulfate found on one test sample will throw doubt on the stability of all film processed since the preceding test. Film should be tested at regular intervals, the
26、frequency of testing being decided according to the following: a) length of time of use of processing chemicals; b) turnover rate of chemicals in the processor; c) film throughput; d) wash-water temperature and flow rate. 5 Splices The use of splices should be avoided if possible. If film has to be
27、spliced, ultrasonic and dielectric hot-fusion methods are preferable. Cement splices and pressure-sensitive adhesive tape should not be used. 6 Storage media 6.1 Microfilm in roll form 6.1.1 General Microfilm in roll form should be stored in corrosion-resistant containers (seeISO10214). The containe
28、rs may be kept in boxes of paperboard. Microfilm without containers should not be stored in such boxes. Rubber bands and pressure-sensitive adhesive tape should not be used to secure the boxes. 6.1.2 Airtight containers Sealed airtight containers are preferable to non-airtight containers and are ess
29、ential if the temperature and relative humidity in the storage area are not maintained within the limits recommended in7.2 for commercial storage or 8.2 and 8.3 for archival storage. Containers should be of a kind that will prevent water vapour reaching the film. A container and its airtight seal sh
30、ould be capable of withstanding an excess pressure of 70kPa within the container without rupture of the seal or other injurious effects. 6.1.3 Non-airtight containers If the temperature and relative humidity in the storage area are maintained within the limits recommended in 7.2 for commercial stora
31、ge or 8.2 and 8.3 for archival storage, closed non-airtight containers may be suitable. 6.1.4 Reels and cores Microfilm in roll form should be mounted on reels or cores. Rolls on cores should be stored flat unless the core is carried on a horizontal spindle that prevents the lower part of the film f
32、rom supporting the load of the core and its contents (seealsoISO10214). 6.2 Other microforms If microforms are stored in envelopes, the envelopes should be made of fully bleached chemical wood pulp or cotton fibre and should be neutral-sized. Fastenings should be corrosion resistant. 7 Storage: comm
33、ercial records 7.1 General Microfilm on safety-film base is difficult to ignite and its combustion speed is low. When stored at a relative humidity of 40%, microfilm can withstand a dry heat of 120C for a period of 24h without appreciable loss of legibility and printability. At a dry heat of150C, so
34、me distortion may occur after 6h, although individual frames remain printable. After at least 6h at a dry heat of 180C, microfilm becomes deformed and reproduction is generally impossible. NOTECellulose nitrate film is highly flammable. Any photographic records on cellulose nitrate film should be re
35、moved from the storage area and copied on to safety film. Expert advice should be taken about the disposal of cellulose nitrate film. 7.2 Temperature and relative humidity The temperature in the storage area should not exceed 25C and the relative humidity should not exceed 60%. Large and frequent ch
36、anges in temperature and relative humidity should be avoided. 7.3 Protection against fire Microfilm should, if possible, be stored in fire-resistant rooms. Cabinets, safes and containers should be fire-resistant. 7.4 Protection against water Microfilm records should be protected from the action of w
37、ater, whatever its origin. To protect them from the risk of damage by leaks, fire sprinklers or flooding, they should be stored above basement level on shelves at least 15cm above floor level. If films become wet, they should not be allowed to dry, even partially, but should be placed in water-fille
38、d containers until they can be washed and dried properly. Expert advice should be sought. 7.5 Protection against contamination Silver-image microfilm should not be stored with emulsion surfaces in contact. Records on silver-image microfilm should not be kept with other photographic records that do n
39、ot comply with these recommendations or with records on the kinds of film specifically excluded in clause1.BS1153:1992 BSI 02-1999 3 8 Storage: archival records 8.1 General For archival records the recommendations in 8.2 to8.6 apply, in addition to the recommendations in 7.1 and7.3 to7.5. 8.2 Air pu
40、rification Air should be filtered to remove dust and noxious gases, and circulated by means of forced draught. 8.3 Temperature The temperature in the archival storage area should be maintained within the range 15C to 25C, preferably below 20C. 8.4 Relative humidity If sealed airtight containers are
41、not used, the relative humidity in the archival storage area should be maintained within the range 20% to 40%. For detailed guidance see Appendix A. 8.5 Movement from storage area When a microfilm is to be moved from the archival storage area, it should not be removed from its sealed container until
42、 its temperature has been brought up to the approximate temperature of the room where it will be handled. For detailed guidance seeAppendix A. 8.6 Aperture cards If aperture cards are to be used for the storage of archival records, they should be checked to ensure that the cards themselves and the a
43、dhesives used are of archival quality. 9 Microfilm inspection and reading 9.1 Frequency of inspection A representative sample of microfilm consisting of 20% of each film form (16mm, 35mm, microfiche, aperture card, etc.) should be inspected every 2 years. One-tenth of each representative sample shou
44、ld be from material included in the previous inspection. The frequency of inspection should be increased if deterioration of the microfilm is observed; the cause of such deterioration should be traced and remedied. Copies on silver-image microfilm, processed in accordance with these recommendations,
45、 should be made of any records that are deteriorating. A record of which films have been inspected should be kept. 9.2 Precautions Anyone inspecting the microfilm should wear lint-free cotton gloves and take precautions to avoid damaging the microfilm with fingermarks, dust and scratching, or malfun
46、ction of the reading apparatus. 10 Protection of originals Original microfilms that are to form an archival secure record should not normally be used for routine viewing or for making paper prints or multiple copies. If necessary, a copy should be made for day-to-day use before the original is store
47、d. For microfilm that may be required in evidence, seeBS6498.BS1153:1992 4 BSI 02-1999 Appendix A Adjustment of microforms to the atmosphere inside the container Before sealed containers are closed, microforms should be adjusted to the atmosphere in which they will be enclosed. This atmosphere shoul
48、d be kept within the limits of relative humidity and temperature recommended in 7.2 or 8.2 and8.3, as appropriate. Readjustment is necessary whenever a microform is removed from its container and is placed in an environment in which tile temperature or relative humidity is not in accordance with the
49、 recommended limits. This applies in particular when film is subjected to heat from the lamp of a copying or projecting apparatus. An indication of the time for reconditioning the film is given in Table 1. Table 1 Time required for film reconditioning An adjustment time resulting in 80% reconditioning is considered sufficient when: a) the film comes from a room which is too dry (20% r.h.) and has to be humidified in a room where relative humidity is between 30% and 40%; b) the film comes from a room which is too humid (40% r.h.) and has to be dried in a room wher
