1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI British StandardsWB9423_BSI_StandardColCov_noK_AW:BSI FRONT COVERS 5/9/08 12:55 Page 1Guide to on-site test methods for the analysis of watersBS 1427:2009BS 1427:2009 BritiSh StandardPublishing and c
2、opyright informationthe BSi copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. BSi 2008iSBn 978 0 580 59059 7iCS 13.060.01the following BSi references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference Eh/3/2 draft for comment 08/30166603 dCPublication his
3、toryFirst published October 1949 Second edition September 1962 third edition april 1993 Fourth edition december 2008Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affected BritiSh Standard BSI 2008 iBS 1427:2009ContentsForeword iiiSection 1: General 11.1 Scope 11.2 normative references 21.3 t
4、erms and definitions 21.4 information on MCErtS performance standards and test procedures for water test-kits 5Section 2: Physical and chemical test methods: general information 72.1 health and safety 72.2 training, supervision and associated needs 82.3 test facilities 92.4 Sampling, sampling preser
5、vation and sample pre-treatment considerations 92.5 Selection and application of test methods 112.6 apparatus and equipment 162.7 reagents 19Section 3: Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) 223.1 introduction 223.2 Causes of “unfit-for-purpose” results 223.3 Confidence interval consideration
6、s 263.4 Method validation (assessing method performance characteristics) 263.5 routine quality control 283.6 target test-kit requirements 293.7 Concentration ranges of methods 303.8 interferences 30Section 4: Titrimetric methods for use in a designated room/area testing facility 314.1 determination
7、of alkalinity 314.2 determination of calcium and total hardness 354.3 determination of chloride 384.4 determination of free carbon dioxide 404.5 determination of nitrite 424.6 determination of sulfate 444.7 determination of sulfite 464.8 determination of zinc 49Section 5: Instrumental methods 515.1
8、determination of dissolved oxygen 515.2 determination of electrical conductivity 575.3 determination of ph 615.4 determination of total dissolved solids 645.5 determination of turbidity 665.6 ion selective electrodes (iSEs) 69Section 6: Some designated room/area testing facility methods 736.1 Genera
9、l 736.2 determination of oxidized nitrogen 736.3 determination of biological oxygen demand 736.4 Chemical oxidation demand with dichromate 766.5 Chemical oxidation with manganese(iii) 766.6 Chemical oxidation with permanganate 776.7 total organic carbon 776.8 total nitrogen 786.9 determination of me
10、tals 786.10 determination of organic compounds 78BS 1427:2009ii BSI 2008BritiSh StandardAnnexesannex a (informative) Guidance on training, supervision and associated needs 80annex B (informative) Example of a documented test-kit method and associated sampling protocol for a colorimetric method 82ann
11、ex C (informative) typical expected result confidence intervals from a given QC solution, from a range of test-kits from two manufacturers 86annex d (informative) an example of target test-kit requirements for a COd test-kit used in a designated room/area testing facility 87annex E (informative) an
12、example of target test-kit requirements for a free and total chlorine test-kit used on-site at the sampling location 89annex F (informative) an example of routine Qa/QC documentation for a COd test 92annex G (informative) an example of routine Qa/QC documentation for a free and total chlorine test 9
13、3annex h (informative) an example of a typical Shewhart control chart and a blank Shewhart control chart 94annex i (informative) test-kit methods overview 95annex J (informative) Summary of test-kits 97annex K (informative) indication of availability of visual test sticks for semi-quantitative deter
14、minations 109Bibliography 112List of figuresFigure h.1 Example Shewart control chart 94Figure h.2 Blank Shewart control chart 94List of tablestable 1 alkalinity relationship 34table C.1 typical expected result confidence intervals from a given QC solution, from a range of test-kits from two manufact
15、urers 86table d.1 an example of target test-kit requirements 87table E.1 Example of target test-kit requirements for a free and total chlorine test-kit 89table F.1 COd test on-going method performance data 92table G.1 Free and total chlorine test 93table J.1 informative summary aluminium 98table J.2
16、 informative summary iron 99table J.3 availability of visual and photometric test-kits 101table K.1 indication of availability of visual test sticks for semi-quantitative determinations 111Summary of pagesthis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to vi, pages 1 to 118, an
17、 inside back cover and a back cover.BritiSh Standard BSI 2008 iiiBS 1427:2009ForewordPublishing informationthis British Standard BS 1427 is published by BSi and came into effect on 1 January 2009. it was prepared by Subcommittee Eh/3/2, Physical, chemical and biochemical methods, on behalf of techni
18、cal Committee Eh/3, Water quality. a list of organizations represented on the committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Supersessionthis standard supersedes BS 1427:1993, which is withdrawn. Information about this documentthis guide describes methods for the analysis of industrial and o
19、ther waters which can be undertaken outside of the chemical laboratory, as on-site tests, when the purpose of the test is to characterize the water under test for either quality or process control purposes. With some determinands, which can be unstable after sampling and which cannot be stabilized,
20、on-site tests provide a suitable means of obtaining fit-for-purpose test results. the test methods described in this Standard comprise simple procedures for use either by a trained analyst, or following appropriate training, by a suitable individual. Since 1993, many industrial laboratories have bee
21、n shut down and the use of on-site methods increased significantly. a very significant proportion of these tests are carried out by non-analysts using proprietary test-kits.this British Standard is not intended as a substitute for, or alternative to, other British Standards on the quantitative analy
22、sis of waters, namely BS 6068 (all parts) and BS 2690, which remain the reference methods for use in a laboratory. the methods described in this British Standard are mostly based on principles and/or procedures used in BS 6068 and BS 2690 and their associated updates. this revision of BS 1427 contai
23、ns updates to specific methods since the previous standard and provides guidance on the use of the much wider range of available commercial test-kits and test-kit equipment since the 1993 previous version of this standard. Since 1993, the range, type and quality of commercial test-kits/apparatus hav
24、e improved considerably, producing significant benefits in terms of increased reliability and ease of use for on site testing. the use of pre-packaged chemicals and reagents has also reduced health and safety risks associated with handling chemicals and enhanced the simplicity of testing. the layout
25、 of this British Standard has been significantly amended since the 1993 version to reflect the very much greater availability of commercial test-kits and the continuing need for effective quality control procedures, both of which feature in extended annexes.traditional colorimetric, titrimetric and
26、instrumental methods for water analysis are still shown in this standard. the test procedures for the colorimetric and instrumental test methods are specific to the colour comparator or instrument described. the test procedures for each commercial test-kit method are specific to the parameter descri
27、bed. the detailed test procedure defined/described by the manufacturer are to be followed when the manufacturers test-kit is used. a standardized approach to describing tests undertaken with the colour comparator method is shown separately in annex B.BS 1427:2009iv BSI 2008BritiSh StandardCommercial
28、 test-kit methods available are shown in annexes i, J and K.as a guide, this British Standard takes the form of guidance with a number of informative annexes. the full set is:annex a, Guidance on training, supervision and associated needsannex B, Example of a documented test-kit method and associate
29、d sampling protocol for a colorimetric methodannex C, Typical expected result confidence intervals from a given QC solution from a range of test-kits from two manufacturersannex d, An example of target test-kit requirements for a COD test-kit used in a designated room/area testing facility annex E,
30、An example of target test-kit requirements for a free and total chlorine test-kit used on-site at the sampling locationannex F, An example of routine QA/QC documentation for a COD testannex G, An example of routine QA/QC documentation for a free and total chlorine testannex h, Example of Shewart con
31、trol chartsannex i, Test-kit method overviewannex J, Summary of test-kitsannex K, Availability of visual test sticksUse of this documentas a guide, this British Standard should not be quoted as if it were a specification, and particular care should be taken by manufacturers and users to ensure that
32、claims of compliance are not misleading or taken out of context. any user claiming compliance with this British Standard is expected to be able to justify any course of action that deviates from its recommendations. any compliance claim should be supported with appropriate validation data.Users cann
33、ot specify the on-site test performance required and how to monitor that this performance is met on an on-going basis. they can then either devise an on-site method or find a test-kit that can meet this specification for all relevant matrices. it is felt that the vast majority of users of this stand
34、ard will adopt the latter option. this document aims to provide guidance on how to do this, but the user needs to decide the level of performance required to ensure that all results are fit for the intended purpose. Users in this context include the end user of the results and the organization carry
35、ing out the test.it is not possible to cite or describe specific individual commercial water test-kits in a British Standard for commercial impartiality reasons. in annex h, a general overview of the major commercial water test-kits currently available is given. the water test-kit market is fast mov
36、ing and extremely innovative. Users of test-kits are strongly advised to regularly check the availability of improved test-kits meeting their requirements. Most relevant information is available on the various test-kit manufacturers websites and can be readily assessed via a search engine. it is imp
37、ortant to appreciate that much of this performance data is best-case data, often related to aqueous standards. Users always have to assess any new proposed test-kit that they intend to use against all relevant sample matrices that are to be tested.BritiSh Standard BSI 2008 vBS 1427:2009notice has be
38、en taken of the proposed MCErtS Performance Standards and Test Procedures for Water Test-kits in the writing of this standard.Hazard warningsWARNING. this British Standard calls for the use of substances and/or procedures that can be injurious to health if adequate precautions are not taken. it refe
39、rs only to technical suitability and does not absolve the user from legal obligations relating to health and safety at any stage.Presentational conventionsthe provisions in this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. its recommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal
40、 auxiliary verb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.the word “should” is used to express recommendations of this standard. the word “may” is used in the text to express permissibility, e
41、.g. as an alternative to the primary recommendation of the clause. the word “can” is used to express possibility, e.g. a consequence of an action or an event.notes and commentaries are provided throughout the text of this standard. notes give references and additional information that are important
42、but do not form part of the recommendations. Commentaries give background information.Contractual and legal considerationsthis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cann
43、ot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS 1427:2009vi BSI 2008BritiSh StandardThis page deliberately left blankBritiSh Standard BSI 2008 1BS 1427:2009Section 1: General1.1 Scopethis British Standard describes information and guidance on test methods for the analysis of industrial and other waters
44、 which are applicable outside of a conventional laboratory as either in situ on-site tests; or the use of a close suitable designated room/area testing facility. For some tests this could include dedicated space in a designated vehicle or caravan. these test methods can relate to compliance, water q
45、uality and process control purposes. no recommendation is given as to which test is applicable to a particular type of water, nor is it implied that in any given case all tests or any particular suite of tests are necessary. the selection of tests depends on local requirements and conditions. Sample
46、s requiring preservation for subsequent analysis are outside of the scope of this British Standard.Certain tests such as adsorbable organic halides (aOX), chemical oxygen demand (COd), total organic carbon (tOC) and total nitrogen need a suitable designated test room/area facility and are not consid
47、ered suitable for testing outside of these designated areas.Sample stability is not considered to be a significant problem as most test-kit measurements are carried out with minimal delay.Most of the methods described in this standard can be applicable for use on clean or lightly polluted waters whi
48、ch might have undergone treatment or been modified for industrial use. typically, the types of waters for which the tests are intended include the following:boiler waters;a) cooling waters;b) waters from hot water systems;c) waters from air conditioning systems;d) waters from industrial air washing
49、systems;e) potable waters;f) ground waters;g) surface waters;h) process waters; and i) swimming pool waters.j) Certain more heavily polluted waters can be routinely tested for certain control purposes for specific determinands using the test methods cited in this British Standard. Such waters include: sewage works influents and effluents;1) selected industrial effluents.2) Emergency screening analysis for major pollution incidents is not covered (see commentary).the on-site methods outlined in this British Standard i
