1、BRITISH STANDARD BS1902-3.17: 1990 Methods of testing Refractory materials Part3: General and textural properties Section3.17 Determination of volume and bulk density of dense shapedproducts (methods1902-317)BS1902-3.17:1990 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Refra
2、ctory Products Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the BoardofBSI and comes into effect on 30 November1990 BSI08-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference RPM/1 Draft for comment88/43674DC ISBN 0 580 18363 7 Committees resp
3、onsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Refractory Products Standards Policy Committee (RPM/-) to Technical Committee RPM/1, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Steel Industry Electricity Supp
4、ly Industry in England and Wales Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association Refractories Association of Great Britain Refractory Contractors Association Society of Glass Technology Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS1902-3.17:1990 BSI 08-1999 i Contents Page Commi
5、ttees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Designations 1 3 Principle 1 4 Determination of volume and bulk density of dense shaped products by measurement of the apparent mass when immersed in mercury (method1902-317/1) 1 5 Determination of volume and bulk density of dense shaped p
6、roducts by measurement of the linear dimensions of a shaped item (method1902-317/2) 2 Appendix A Construction and calibration of the mercury balance 4 Figure 1 Typical example of a mercury balance 3 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS1902-3.17:1990 ii BSI 08-1999 Foreword This Section of BS
7、1902 was prepared under the direction of the Refractory Products Standards Policy Committee. A method for measuring the bulk density and apparent porosity of dense shaped products is given in BS1902-3.8:1989, which is identical to ISO5017:1988, published by the International Organization for Standar
8、dization (ISO). Bulk density may also be calculated from measurement of the volume, which may be obtained either from measurement by mercury balance or from the dimensions of a shaped item, as described in this Section. These methods were originally included in BS1902-3.8:1981, which has been withdr
9、awn. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document compr
10、ises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to4, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS1902-3.17:1990 BSI 08-19
11、99 1 NOTEThis Section is to be used in conjunction with BS1902-3.0 “Introduction” and BS1902-3.1 “Guidance on sampling”. Section3.0 sets out the general arrangement of BS1902 and lists the Sections of Part3. 1 Scope This Section of BS1902 describes methods for the determination of the volume and bul
12、k density of dense shaped refractory products, by the mercury balance, and by measurement of the dimensions of a shaped item. Appendix A describes the construction and calibration of the mercury balance. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back co
13、ver. 2 Designations The methods for the determination of volume and bulk density are referred to by the following designations. Method1902-317/1 (mercury balance) Method 1902-317/2 (dimensions of a shapeditem) 3 Principle The volume and bulk density of a test piece are determined by one of the follo
14、wing methods: a) measurement of the apparent mass when immersed in mercury; b) measurement of the linear dimensions of a shaped item. NOTEThe volume of a rectangular test piece is determined by calculation from the measurement of its dimensions. WARNING. It is important that proper precautions for t
15、he protection of laboratory personnel are taken when mercury is used. The use of a fume cupboard is strongly recommended. Attention is drawn to4.3.4 and to the relevant regulations and guidance documents which include the Department of Employment Technical Data Note No.21, published by HMSO 1) . 4 D
16、etermination of volume and bulk density of dense shaped products by measurement of the apparent mass when immersed in mercury (method1902-317/1) 4.1 Apparatus 4.1.1 Mercury balance, an example of which is shown in Figure 1. The balance operates on the principle of a hydrometer, but since mercury is
17、denser than metals used for construction of the balance, it is necessary to add weights to a position below the centre of buoyancy, so that the instrument will float in a vertical position. This is achieved by placing the vessel containing the mercury on a bridge or shelf, and providing a scale pan
18、below the level of support. NOTEThe recommended construction material for the frame is aluminium strip, protected with a mercury-resistant coating such as shellac or varnish. SeeAppendix A. 4.1.2 Weights, to load the scale in increments of0.01g. 4.2 Test pieces The dimensions of the test piece shall
19、 be such as to fit the test piece holder used. (An example of a test piece holder is shown in Figure 1.) 4.3 Procedure 4.3.1 Dry the test piece at110 5 C to constant mass. Cool to room temperature and weigh to0.01g(W). 4.3.2 Immerse the test piece holder in the mercury and add weights(4.1.2) to the
20、scale pan to sink the apparatus to the mark shown in Figure 1. Record the total mass of the weights added (W 1 ). If the mark sinks below the surface of the mercury without the addition of the weights use the calibration procedure given inA.2. 4.3.3 Raise the test piece holder above the surface of t
21、he mercury, push the test piece under the surface of the mercury and place the holder over the test piece to prevent it breaking the surface. Take care to ensure that air is not entrapped between the holder and the test piece. Add weights(4.1.2) to overcome the increased upthrust, until the instrume
22、nt again sinks to the mark. Record the total mass of the weights added (W 2 ). NOTEIf the test piece contains large pores or fissure defects, these can be penetrated by the mercury causing the instrument to sink during the final adjustment towards the balance point. If this occurs, the test should b
23、e abandoned and an alternative method used. 1) Available from HMSO,49 High Holborn, London WC1 for personal callers, or by post from HMSO, P.O. Box276 London SW85DT.BS1902-3.17:1990 2 BSI 08-1999 4.3.4 Remove the test piece from the apparatus and place it in an impervious bag or container to prevent
24、 the spread of droplets of mercury. Dispose of the bags in accordance with the requirements of the local authority. 4.4 Calculation of results 4.4.1 The bulk volume (V) is calculated from the following equations. With no test piece in the holder: where W 0is the mass of the hydrometer (ing); V 0is t
25、he volume of mercury displaced by the hydrometer (in cm 3 ); D is the density of mercury at the temperature of test (ing/cm 3 ); X is the small upthrust due to the action of surface tension on the stem (ing); V is the bulk volume of the specimen (incm 3 ); W 1is the mass of the weights added to the
26、pan to sink the apparatus to the mark (ing). With the test piece in the holder and the hydrometer sunk to the mark: where W is the mass of the test piece (ing); W 2is the mass of the additional weights to overcome the increased upthrust (ing). Subtracting(1) from(2): whence 4.4.2 The bulk density (i
27、ng/cm 3 ) is then calculated from the following equation: 4.5 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) the name of the testing establishment; b) the date of the test; c) a description of the refractory product tested (manufacturer, type, batch number,etc.); d) a refere
28、nce to these methods of test, e.g.determined in accordance with method1902-317/1 (seeclause2); e) the number of test pieces; f) the results for the volume and bulk density of each test piece. 5 Determination of volume and bulk density of dense shaped products by measurement of the linear dimensions
29、of a shaped item (method1902-317/2) 5.1 Principle The volume of a rectangular test piece is determined by calculation, from the measurement of its dimensions. 5.2 Apparatus 5.2.1 Measuring equipment, in accordance with method1902-302. 5.2.2 Drying oven 5.2.3 Balance, to weigh to0.05% of the smallest
30、 test piece measured. 5.3 Preparation of test pieces 5.3.1 The bricks or blocks used as test pieces shall have plane and parallel surfaces and be nominally either rectangular or cylindrical. No one dimension of a test piece shall be less than50mm. 5.3.2 A test piece shall be excluded if its departur
31、e from squareness is such that, for any pair of opposite faces, four measurements to the nearest0.5mm made along the centrelines of the faces differ amongst themselves by more than1.0mm. A test piece shall also be excluded if it has any appreciable edge defects. 5.4 Procedure Measure the length a, w
32、idth b and depth c for rectangular test pieces or diameter d and height h for cylindrical test pieces, to the nearest0.5mm, in accordance with method1902-302. Dry in the oven to constant mass and weigh to0.05% of its mass. W 1 + W 0=V 0D + X (1) W + W 1 + W 2 + W 0=V 0D + X + VD (2) W + W 2=VD (3) (
33、4) (5)BS1902-3.17:1990 BSI 08-1999 3 5.5 Expression of results The bulk volume V (in cm 3 ) is calculated from the expressions: where a, b, c are the dimensions (inmm) for rectangular test pieces. where d, h are the dimensions (inmm) for cylindrical test pieces. The bulk density (ing/cm 3 ) is calcu
34、lated from the expression: where W is the dry mass (ing). 5.6 Test report The test report shall be in accordance with4.5. Figure 1 Typical example of a mercury balance (6) (7) (8)BS1902-3.17:1990 4 BSI 08-1999 Appendix A Construction and calibration of the mercury balance A.1 Construction material T
35、he recommended construction material for the frame of the mercury balance is aluminium strip, protected with a mercury-resistant coating. This material is light enough to require weights on the scale pan to sink the instrument to the mark on the stem with the test piece holder empty. If the frame is
36、 constructed of denser material and does not float in the mercury it may be calibrated in accordance withA.2. A.2 Calibration Place a dry, machined steel block of accurately known volume and mass W in the instrument so that the four prongs keep it vertical when immersed in the mercury. Add weights W
37、 1to the scale pan until the instrument just sinks to the mark on the neck. The apparent volume of the steel block holder is then where W is the mass of the steel block (ing); W 1is the mass of the weights added to the scale pan (ing); D is the density of mercury at the temperature of the test (ing/
38、cm 3 ). The difference between the value so obtained and the true volume of the steel block is the volume calibration figure for the apparatus (V 0 ), as in4.4. (9)BS1902-3.17:1990 BSI 08-1999 Publications referred to BS1902, Methods of testing refractory materials. BS1902-3, General and textural pr
39、operties. BS1902-3.0, Introduction. BS1902-3.1, Guidance on sampling. BS1902-3.2, Measurements of dimensions of specimens for testing. BS1902-3.8, Determination of bulk density, true porosity and apparent porosity of dense shaped products. BS1902-3.17: 1990 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL B
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