1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 2975-1:2004 Sampling and analysis of glass-making sands Part 1: Methods for sampling and physical testing of glass-making sands ICS 81.040.10 BS 2975-1:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 14 December 2004
2、BSI 14 December 2004 First published March 1958 Second edition February 1988 Third edition December 2004 The following BSI references relate to the work on this British Standard: Committee reference LBI/36 Draft for comment 04/30090021 DC ISBN 0 580 44940 8 Committees responsible for this British St
3、andard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee LBI/36, Laboratory glassware and related apparatus, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Glass Manufacturers Confederation CLEAPSS School Science Service GAMBICA Association Ltd. Institute of Bi
4、omedical Science LGC Ltd. Royal Society of Health Society of Glass Technology Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS 2975-1:2004 BSI 14 December 2004 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1S c o p e 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Sampling 1 4 Physi
5、cal analysis 4 5 Test report 8 Annex A (informative) Particle size distributions and moisture content 9 Bibliography 10 Table 1 Permitted sieve aperture sizes and maximum mass of sand retained on 200 mm diameter woven wire sieves on completion of sieving 5 Table 2 Example variations in bulk density
6、for sands of European origin 5 Table A.1 Commonly encountered particle size distributions and moisture content of glass-making sands 9BS 2975-1:2004 ii BSI 14 December 2004 Foreword This British Standard was prepared by Technical Committee LBI/36. BS 2975-1:2004 together with Part 2 (when published)
7、 supersedes BS 2975:1988, which is now withdrawn. This revision of BS 2975 is published in two parts, as follows: Part 1: Methods for sampling and physical testing; Part 2: Methods for chemical analysis. This part updates the methods for sampling and the physical testing of glass-making sands descri
8、bed in Clause 2 and Clause 3 of BS 2975:1988. It incorporates appropriate requirements from complementary standards describing the sampling and physical testing of aggregates: BS EN 932-1:1996, BS EN 932-2:1999, BS EN 933-1:1997 and BS EN 1097-5:1999. Annex A (informative) gives recommendations for
9、particle size distribution, moisture content and typical end-uses of different glass-making sands, previously described in Annex B and Annex D of BS 2975:1988. Part 1 updates the methods for sampling and physical analysis whilst Part 2 updates the methods for chemical analysis of glass-making sands
10、described in Clause 4 of BS 2975:1988. Part 2 also includes recommendations for the chemical composition of glass-making sands and details of standard reference sands. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct appli
11、cation. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this docume
12、nt indicates when the document was last issued.BS 2975-1:2004 BSI 14 December 2004 1 1 Scope This British Standard describes a method of sampling and physical testing of sands used for a variety of glass-making activities with the intention of providing a basis for either continued supply of establi
13、shed materials or for evaluation of new sources of silica sand. NOTE Annex A illustrates commonly encountered particle size distribution and moisture content of glass-making sands. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For d
14、ated references, only the reference cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. BS 410-1:2000, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth (ISO 3310-1:2000). BS EN 932-1:1996, Test
15、s for general properties of aggregates Part 1: Methods for sampling. BS EN 932-2:1999, Tests for general properties of aggregates Part 2: Methods for reducing laboratory samples. BS EN 933-1:1997, Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution Siev
16、ing method. BS EN ISO 3696:1995, Water for analytical laboratory use Specification and test methods. 3 Sampling 3.1 Principle Homogeneous sampling of granular materials is difficult due to segregation of particles caused by grain size differences and variations in specific gravity of trace mineral s
17、uites. Inappropriate sampling is probably the most important factor causing poor precision in test work results. Detailed descriptions of sampling processes are provided to allow consistency in sampling by operators of varying experience. 3.2 Apparatus 3.2.1 Stout plastic sheeting, for mixing surfac
18、e for bulk samples. 3.2.2 Glass jars with contamination free seals, for retention of initial condition of sample. 3.2.3 Strong polythene bags with seals, for retention of condition of sample. 3.2.4 Nickel or stainless steel spatulas, for sample mixing and selection. 3.2.5 Distilled or ion-exchanged
19、laboratory water, for adjustment of water content. 3.2.6 Riffle boxes of steel or plastics, for sample selection. 3.2.7 Rotary sample divider (optional), for sample selection. 3.2.8 Large porcelain or agate pestle and mortar, for homogenization of initial sample. 3.2.9 Laboratory oven to 110 (5) C,
20、for drying operations. 3.2.10 Disposable non contaminating oven dishes, for drying operations. 3.2.11 200 mm diameter sieves of stainless steel or phosphor bronze conforming to BS 410-1:2000, according to sand specification. 3.2.12 Mechanical sieve shaker.BS 2975-1:2004 2 BSI 14 December 2004 3.2.13
21、 Sieve brushes. 3.2.14 Analytical balance, to 0.01 g at 200 g loading. 3.2.15 Analytical balance, to 0.1 g at 10 kg loading. 3.2.16 Hand magnet, for ferro-magnetic particle separation. 3.2.17 Ventilated exhaust hood (optional), for heavy liquid separation with high vapour pressure liquids. 3.2.18 Wa
22、ter immiscible heavy liquids (optional), appropriate to density of mineral phase sought for heavy liquid separation (ventilated). 3.2.19 Water miscible heavy liquids (optional), appropriate to density of mineral phase sought for heavy liquid separation (unventilated). 3.2.20 Acetone (optional), for
23、heavy liquid removal from samples. 3.2.21 Plastic funnels. 3.2.22 Borosilicate separating funnel. 3.2.23 Filter papers. 3.2.24 Polarizing stereoscopic microscope to (at least) 50 magnifications with facility for transmitted and reflected light, for identification of trace mineral species and surface
24、 textures. 3.3 Bulk sample Obtain a sample representative of the delivery as follows. a) Take separate and approximately equal increments from at least 12 different places, including the top, centre and bottom of the delivery, to produce a sample with a total mass of at least 10 kg. b) Immediately a
25、fter taking the sample, mix the increments well and pack into a suitable container. Seal it in order to retain the sand in the “as received” condition until the sample is opened for test. NOTE Glass jars, fitted with closures which will not contaminate the sand, or strong sealable polyethylene bags
26、are suitable. Metal containers or closures should not be used. c) In cases where: 1) non-friable coarse particles are present; 2) mineralogical examination is required (e.g. for refractory particles); 3) trial glass melts are to be conducted; or 4) where oversize particle analysis is required; obtai
27、n a separate sample of at least 10 kg for each additional purpose. In circumstances where adjustment of sample size of dry samples is required, follow the procedure given in BS EN 932-2:1999. In circumstances where the sample is damp, follow the procedures given in BS EN 932-1:1996, 9.4, 9.5 and 9.6
28、, quartering and fractional shovelling. NOTE Where investigation is required for granular condition or detection of trace detrimental mineralogy (e.g. chromite, corundum, spinel), samples of up to 50 kg might be required. 3.4 Preparation of samples for moisture determination Thoroughly mix the bulk
29、sample (see 3.3) in a suitable dish or other container or on a clean non-absorbent surface. Take 10 separate increments, each of mass of approximately 10 g, and use the combined sample (mass approximately 100 g) for the determination of the moisture content (see 4.1). NOTE 1 A suitable surface is a
30、sheet of glass or stout polyethylene sheet spread on a work bench or table. NOTE 2 It is important to determine the moisture content as soon as possible after taking the initial sample to avoid losses of water by evaporation or absorption.BS 2975-1:2004 BSI 14 December 2004 3 3.5 Preparation of the
31、laboratory sample and samples for inspection, for the determination of particle size distribution, for refractory mineral examination or for trial glass melts 3.5.1 General Thoroughly mix the material remaining after taking the sample for moisture determination (see 3.3), wetting, if necessary, by s
32、praying with water so that the sand can be moved freely without balling. Water produced by distillation, ion exchange or another suitable method complying with BS EN ISO 3696:1995 shall be used. NOTE When dry sand is moved or handled, there will be some segregation of the different sizes of grain an
33、d of the contained minerals. Wetting the sand to between 1 % (m/m) and 5 % (m/m) water produces sufficient adhesion between the grains to minimize this segregation. Spread the uniformly wetted sand on a non-absorbent surface and distribute it in a layer of uniform thickness. Use sample size reductio
34、n techniques described in BS EN 932-2:1999. When test increments are required for subsequent test work and a riffle box or mechanical divider is available, dry the laboratory sample at 110 (5) C. For sample size reduction methods that either: a) specify only a lower limit to the test increment mass;
35、 or b) allow a sizeable tolerance around a target mass the following methods of subdivision may be used: 1) subdivision using a rotary sample divider; 2) subdivision using a riffle box; 3) subdivision using incremental shovelling; 4) subdivision by quartering. NOTE Subdivision by rotary sample divid
36、er is the preferred procedure. Quartering is not recommended for wide gradings. Further reduce the mass of the sample, as appropriate, to obtain this “laboratory sample” with a mass of approximately 1 kg. For methods that specify a test increment mass within a small tolerance, tip the sub-sample on
37、to the working surface, mix it thoroughly and form a line of sand across the working surface. Starting at one end of the line, and using a flat-bottomed scoop or a scraper, continue to withdraw sand from that end until a test increment of sufficient mass is obtained. Take care that smaller particles
38、 are not left behind. 3.5.2 Preparation of sample for inspection Where the laboratory sample is dry, using a mechanical divider, subdivide the free-flowing laboratory sample with a rotary sample divider or riffle box of appropriate dimensions to obtain a sample of about 500 g. Where the laboratory s
39、ample is damp, carry out subdivision using incremental shovelling or quartering to obtain a sample of about 500 g. 3.5.3 Preparation of sample for particle size analysis Using a mechanical divider, subdivide the free-flowing (i.e. dry or dried) laboratory sample by rotary sample divider or riffle bo
40、x of appropriate dimensions to obtain a sample of about 100 g or a smaller mass that has been demonstrated to be statistically representative for the purposes of chemical analysis of the particular material under test. Where the laboratory sample is damp, carry out subdivision using incremental shov
41、elling or quartering to obtain a sample of about 100 g. 3.5.4 Preparation of sample for chemical analysis Prepare a sample of about 100 g for analysis according to the condition (dry or damp) of the laboratory sample. If the laboratory sample is dry, use a rotary sample divider or riffle box of appr
42、opriate dimensions suitable to provide a mass of sample matching the grinding capacity of the milling equipment.BS 2975-1:2004 4 BSI 14 December 2004 If the laboratory sample is damp, use incremental shovelling or quartering to provide a mass of sample matching the grinding capacity of the milling e
43、quipment. NOTE If any clay nodules or aggregates are present in the sand, the whole of the laboratory sample remaining after the inspection and particle size determination samples have been taken should be dried at 110 (5) C. The dried sample should be transferred to a large mortar (made of porcelai
44、n or agate, not of steel) and the aggregates broken down by gently crushing with a pestle. The sample should be wetted, mixed and sampled as described in 3.3.4 for damp sand to produce a sample mass appropriate to the grinding capacity of the milling equipment. 4 Physical analysis 4.1 Determination
45、of moisture content in a ventilated oven Prepare a test increment (as specified in 3.4) to provide a mass of approximately 100 g. Clean and dry sufficient tray(s) to contain the test increment during drying. Weigh and record the mass of the tray(s) (M 1 ) to the nearest 0.1 g. Spread the test increm
46、ent out on the tray(s) to a thin layer. Weigh the tray(s) containing the moist test increment to the nearest 0.1 g (M 2 ). Place the tray(s) in a well ventilated drying oven at 110 (5) C for an appropriate period, remove, cool in a desiccator and reweigh to give constant mass (M 3 ). Use successive
47、weighings to determine the constant mass of the dried test increment. At all stages of handling and preparation before the start of the test, protect the laboratory sample and subsequent test increment from loss or gain of water. Determine the water content as the difference in mass between the wet
48、and dry mass either as a percentage of the wet mass or dried mass of the of the test increment. Calculate the water content W wor W d(%) in accordance with the following equations (expressing the result to the nearest 0.1 %): (Wet mass calculation) (Dry mass calculation) Depending on whether dry or
49、wet mass calculation occurs, a small difference in obtained value will result. For example, if a 100 g sand sample contains 5 g of water and 95 g of sand, the wet mass calculation isW w= 5% Whereas, the dry mass calculation isW d= 5.3% NOTE 1 Constant mass is defined as successive weighings after drying at least one hour apart not differing by more than 0.1 %. In many cases, constant mass can be achieved after a test increment has been dried for a pre-determined time in a speci
