1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 3137:1972 Methods for determining the Bursting strength of paper and board UDC 676.2.017.42:539.42BS3137:1972 This BritishStandard, having been approved by the Paper Industry Standards Committee,was published underthe authorityof the Executive Boardon 29December1972 BSI 03-2000 F
2、irst published September1959 First revision December1972 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PAC/11 Draft for comment71/56631 ISBN 0 580 07272 X The following is a list of members of the Paper Industry Standards Committee, who have had the preparatio
3、n of this BritishStandard under consideration: Chairman: Mr H R Hutley Dr A B Truman Mr Gilbert A Smith Research Association for the British Federation of Master Paper and Board, Printing and Printers Packaging Industries (PIRA) Mr R W H Bray, A.F.C. Dr J F Heggie Mr J Harding Royal Institute of Pub
4、lic Health British Paper and Board Makers and Hygiene Association (Incorporated) Mr R L Ballard Mr J Leather Mr A D P Tanner British Railways Board Envelope Makers and Mr K Timberlake Manufacturing Stationers Coated Paper and Board Makers Association Association Mr J F A Rankin Mr C Sumner Dr M N St
5、rachan Mr F E Ashman Mr G Thompson Mr A C Vincent Technical Section of the British H.M. Stationery Office Paper and Board Makers Mr S Bailey Association National Association of Paper Merchants The following is a list of members of the Technical Committee on Methods of Test for Paper, Board and Pulp,
6、 the Committee actually responsible for the preparation of this BritishStandard: Chairman: Mr H R Hutley Envelope Makers and Dr George L Fuchs Manufacturing Stationers Mr P J Starks Association British Federation of Mr J A Moore Master Printers Fibreboard Packing Case Mr J A Clow Manufacturers Assoc
7、iation Mr M R Hadfield Mr W J R Howell British Paper and Board Makers H M Stationery Office Association (Incorporated) Mr J W More Mr E C Allison Man-made Fibre Producers Mr M J Ford Committee British Wood Pulp Association Mr C F Finney Mr E D Garner Ministry of Defence, Army Chemical Industries Ass
8、ociation Department Mr H F Church Mr J A Simmons Electrical Research Association Post Office Mr D Horton Mr R J Hamer Mr G R Keay Mr C SumnerBS3137:1972 BSI 03-2000 Mr F D Munday Mr R Peerless Research Association for the Mr J F A Rankin Paper and Board, Printing and Dr M N Strachan Packaging Indust
9、ries (PIRA) Mr S A Underwood Mr H A Idle Technical Section of the British Society of British Printing Ink Paper and Board Makers Manufacturers Association Mr R L Ballard Mr E Mytum Mr J D Batley Textile Institute Mr R A Beveridge Mr P Howarth Mr F A Guttfield University of Manchester Mr F J T Harris
10、 . . . Mr I F Hendry Nominated by Technical Mr L F Hopkins Committee DPE/2, Punched Cards, Mr K A Hyam Dimensions and Properties Mr D J McConnell Mr C F Finney Mr A P McDonald Nominated by Technical Mr E W Peacock Committee DPE/3, Punched Tape, Dimensions and Properties Amendments issued since publi
11、cation Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS3137:1972 ii BSI 03-2000 Contents Page Foreword iii 1 General 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Definitions 1 1.3 Principle 1 2 Determination of the bursting strength of paper 1 2.1 Apparatus 1 2.2 Calibration 2 2.3 Sampling and preparation of test pieces 2 2.4 Procedure 2 2.
12、5 Calculation and report 3 2.6 Precision of results 3 2.7 Sources of error 3 3 Determination of the bursting strength of board 4 3.1 Apparatus 4 3.2 Calibration 5 3.3 Sampling and preparation of test pieces 5 3.4 Procedure 5 3.5 Calculation and report 5 3.6 Precision of results 6 3.7 Sources of erro
13、r 6 Appendix A The clamps (paper) 7 Appendix B Testing the clamping 8 Appendix C Clamping loads (paper) 8 Appendix D Gauge calibration 8 Appendix E Checking of hydraulic system 8 Appendix F The clamps (board) 10 Appendix G Clamping loads (board) 11 Appendix H Pneumatic burst test 11 Figure 1 Clamps
14、(paper) 7 Figure 2 Expansion curves 9 Figure 3 Clamps (board) 10 Figure 4 Essential features of a pneumatically operated burst tester 12 Figure 5 Dimensions of area below upper surface of lower clamp of a pneumatically operated burst tester 13 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS3137:1972 BS
15、I 03-2000 iii Foreword This BritishStandard is one of a series relating to the testing of paper and board, published under the authority of the Paper Industry Standards Committee. The first edition, published in1959, specified methods of measurement using pneumatic and hydraulic testers, and applied
16、 only to papers having bursting strengths up to85 lbf/in 2 (586kN/m 2 ). This revision, which is based on two proposals likely to be adopted by the relevant committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), is divided into two methods, the first dealing with the determination of
17、 the bursting strength of paper and the second dealing with board. This is considered necessary because board manufacturers require to test higher bursting strengths and consequently need more robust clamps and diaphragms than are suitable for paper testing. The methods are in agreement with the ISO
18、 proposals except for certain editorial adjustments and a few minor changes that are not of technical significance. Separate methods are provided for testing paper and board. However, in practice there is a wide overlap area. In consequence, while Section2 is applicable to papers with bursting stren
19、gths in the range from70kN/m 2to1100kN/m 2 , for materials with bursting strengths greater than350kN/m 2(or250kN/m 2for components of combined materials) the method in Section3 may also be used. The board method described in Section3 is suitable for materials with bursting strengths up to5500kN/m 2
20、. It is recognized that the method is in practice sometimes used for materials with considerably higher bursting strengths, and consideration will be given to the possibility of extending the scope of this standard in due course. Meanwhile it is emphasized that great care should be taken when the up
21、per limit of5500kN/m 2is exceeded to ensure that the particular instrument employed is capable of being used safely and reliably at such pressures. In order to be consistent with the proposed international documents, and having regard to the general policy of the paper industry on the use of the Int
22、ernational System of units,kN/m 2has been used as the basis for these methods. However, many instruments in use for determining this property are at present scaled in kgf/cm 2 . For the purposes of this BritishStandard1 kgf/cm 2equals98.1kN/m 2 . It will be noted that the pneumatic method that was i
23、ncluded in the previous edition of BS3137 has been excluded from the main text of the current revision. However, the pneumatic bursting test is still regularly used in some laboratories, particularly those concerned with testing pulp handsheets and weak papers. Consequently some information on the m
24、ethod has been included as Appendix H. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Su
25、mmary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi toiv, pages1to14, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front
26、 cover.iv blankBS3137:1972 BSI 03-2000 1 1 General 1.1 Scope This BritishStandard describes methods for measuring the bursting strengths of paper and board. Section2 specifies a method for measuring the bursting strength of paper subjected to rising hydraulic pressure. The method is applicable to pa
27、per with bursting strength within the range from70kN/m 2to1100kN/m 2 . It should not, however, generally be used for the components (such as fluting medium or linerboard) of a combined board, for which the method specified in Section3 is more suitable. Paper of bursting strength less than70kN/m 2may
28、 also be tested by bursting a number of sheets together. Section3 of this BritishStandard specifies a method for measuring the bursting strength of board subjected to rising hydraulic pressure. The method is applicable, in principle, to all types of board (including solid and corrugated fibreboard)
29、with bursting strength within the range from350kN/m 2to5500kN/m 21) . It may also be used for papers or boards with bursting strength as low as250kN/m 2if the paper or board is to be used to prepare a material of higher bursting strength, such as corrugated board. In such instances, the measurements
30、 will not necessarily have the accuracy or precision stated for this method and the report should carry a note that the test gave results that were below the minimum value required by the method. NOTEThe titles of the BritishStandards referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover.
31、 1.2 Definitions For the purposes of this BritishStandard the following definitions apply: 1.2.1 bursting strength the maximum uniformly distributed pressure, applied at right angles to its surface, that a test piece of paper or board will stand under the conditions of this test 1.2.2 burst ratio th
32、e bursting strength of the paper or board divided by the grammage of the conditioned paper determined by the standard method of test 1.3 Principle A test piece, placed in contact with a circular elastic diaphragm, is rigidly clamped at the periphery but is free to bulge with the diaphragm. Hydraulic
33、 fluid is pumped at a constant rate, bulging the diaphragm until the test piece ruptures. The bursting strength of the test piece is the maximum value of the applied hydraulic pressure. 2 Determination of the bursting strength of paper 2.1 Apparatus 2.1.1 Clamping system. Means are provided for clam
34、ping the test piece firmly and uniformly between two annular plane parallel hard surfaces which shall be smooth (but not polished) and grooved as described in Appendix A, which indicates the dimensions of the clamping system. The upper clamping plate is held in a swivel joint to ensure alignment of
35、the plates under pressure. During tests the apertures in the two clamping plates shall be concentric to within0.25mm and the clamping surfaces shall be flat and parallel. Methods of checking the clamps are given in Appendix B. The clamping load shall be sufficient to prevent slipping during a test (
36、see2.4), but not so great as to damage the test piece in such a way that rupture occurs around the periphery of the test area. Normally the clamping load shall be not less than2700N (seeAppendix C). For some papers clamps of larger area than the minimum specified may be required to prevent slipping.
37、 A maximum clamping load and also a minimum differing from that stated above may be agreed between the parties concerned, in which case the agreed limit or limits of clamping load shall be stated in the test report. 2.1.2 Diaphragm. A circular diaphragm of elastic material is clamped securely with i
38、ts upper surface about3.5mm below the top plane of the lower clamping plate. The material and construction of the diaphragm shall be such that the pressure required to bulge the diaphragm9mm above the top face of the lower clamping plate is30 10kN/m 2 . 1) See Foreword.BS3137:1972 2 BSI 03-2000 A ne
39、w diaphragm may require a higher pressure for a given bulge height than one that has been used for a while. Diaphragms shall be checked at frequent intervals and re-fitted or changed if the bulge height requirements above are not met. Care shall be taken during the fitting of a diaphragm to eliminat
40、e all air trapped under the diaphragm. 2.1.3 Hydraulic system. Means are required of applying a controlled hydraulic pressure to the underside of the diaphragm until the test piece bursts. The pressure is generated by a piston forcing a suitable liquid (chemically pure glycerol, ethylene glycol cont
41、aining a corrosion inhibitor, or a low-viscosity silicone oil) against the under surface of the diaphragm. The hydraulic system and liquid used shall be free from air bubbles. The pumping rate shall be95 5ml/min (seeAppendix E). NOTEA motor-operated piston is recommended; if a hand-operated instrume
42、nt is used this fact should be clearly stated in the test report. 2.1.4 Pressure gauge. A maximum-reading Bourdon type gauge of appropriate capacity shall be used. It should preferably be used within the range from25% to75% and in no case outside the range from15% to85% of the maximum capacity of th
43、e scale. The scale shall have a minimum diameter of95mm and graduations shall extend over a minimum arc of270 . It shall at any point within the working range be accurate to within 0.5% of the maximum capacity of the scale, which shall be subdivided into at least70 divisions. The expansibility of th
44、e gauge shall be constant to within 20% over its full working range and shall be such that the hydraulic fluid required to give a full scale reading shall not exceed0.4 ml (seeAppendix E). The gauge shall be fitted with a scale-adjustment device for fine setting. The maximum reading pointer shall no
45、t introduce errors into the scale readings during use. NOTEThis can be confirmed only by dynamic calibration of the gauge, but gauges having pointers with a frictional couple of about0.3 mN m and a moment of inertia of between1 g cm 2and10 g cm 2have been found to be satisfactory (seeAppendix D). Th
46、e gauge shall be provided with a bleed hole or other device to facilitate the complete filling of the gauge with hydraulic fluid. The total measuring range of the instrument may be divided by the use of two gauges. The gauges shall be independent of each other in use; by checking the expansibility o
47、f the system on each range with the selector valve in the appropriate position, the suitability of that valve will be confirmed (seeAppendix E). 2.1.5 Installation. The apparatus shall be installed on a horizontal surface and shall be free from externally induced vibrations. All air shall be removed
48、 from the hydraulic system by bleeding. The whole apparatus shall be checked for expansion and for leaks in accordance with Appendix E. 2.2 Calibration The gauge shall be calibrated before initial use and afterwards at sufficiently frequent intervals to maintain the specified accuracy. A deadweight
49、tester may be used (seeAppendix D). Calibration shall be carried out with the gauge mounted in the same position as it occupies on the instrument and preferably when mounted on the instrument. If the gauge is accidentally used beyond its maximum capacity it shall be recalibrated before being used again. Routine calibration checks on the instrument may be carried out using standardized foil test pieces 2)for pressures up to about800kN/m 2 . 2.3 Sampling and preparation of test pieces Sample the paper to be tested in accordance with the requirements of BS343
