1、BRITISH STANDARD BS3138:1992 Incorporating Amendment No.1 Glossary of terms used in management services BS3138:1992 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Quality, Management and Statistics Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards
2、 Board and comes into effect on 1April1992 BSI 02-1999 First published October 1959 Second edition, April 1969 Third edition, February 1979 Fourth edition, April 1992 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference QMS/31 Draft for comment 90/97034 DC ISBN 0 580
3、 20215 1 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Quality, Management and Statistics Standards Policy Committee (QMS/-) to Technical Committee QMS/31, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Gas plc Ergonomics So
4、ciety HM Treasury Institute of Administrative Management Institute of Management Services Institute of Quality Assurance Loughborough University of Technology Methods Time Measurement Association Ltd. Ministry of Defence Trades Union Congress Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comment
5、s 7415 November 1992 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS3138:1992 BSI12-1998 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Section 1. General Terms 1.1 Principal terms 1 1.2 Associated terms 4 Section 2. Methodology 2.1 Analysis 5 2.2 Measurement 12 Section 3. Application
6、s 3.1 Categories of application 24 3.1.1 Work study 24 3.1.2 Organization and methods 25 3.2 Specific applications 25 3.2.1 Organization study 25 3.2.2 Job design 27 3.2.3 Measures of performance 29 3.2.4 Performance control 31 3.2.5 Wage payment and reward systems 32 Appendix A Bibliography 38 Inde
7、x 39 Figure 1 The method study sequence 2 Figure 2 Examples illustrating the construction of standard time 14 Figure 3 Comparison of different rating and performance scales 17 Figure 4 Explanatory diagram of terms for work performance control 19 Figure 5 Explanatory diagram of machine time 28 Figure
8、 6 Conversion of standard time to allowed time 33 Figure 7 Graphical representation of main forms of payment by results schemes 34 Table 1 Method study techniques 3 Publication(s) referred to Inside back coverBS3138:1992 ii BSI12-1998 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direct
9、ion of the Quality, Management and Statistics Standards Policy Committee. It is a revision ofBS3138:1979 “Glossary of terms used in work study and organization and methods (O & M)” which is withdrawn. Successive editions since the first in1959have done much to dispel ambiguities and to provide a com
10、mon terminology in these areas of activity. During the period since 1959 there has been considerable development of the techniques and a broadening of the areas of application. This sphere of activity and practice of techniques has become generally known as “management services”. The committee has t
11、herefore taken the decision to retitle BS3138 as “Glossary of terms used in management services”. For the same reason the committee also decided to further develop the structural changes introduced in the 1979 revision. This edition of BS3138 introduces a hierarchical structure of three sections in
12、which the general terms are followed by a section titled “Methodology” consisting of subsections of “Measurement” and “Analysis”, and a further section covering terms relating to specific applications of these methodologies. This approach reflects the fact that the methodologies are used across the
13、entire spectrum of commercial and non-commercial activity and are applied to all types of work and work situations. This British Standard complements a number of related BSI glossaries dealing with management and scientific disciplines, such as production planning, quality assurance, project managem
14、ent, data processing and statistical methods. Every effort has been made to coordinate the definitions in this revision of BS3138 with those in related glossaries and, where possible, common definitions have been adopted. However, it is not always possible to have a common definition for terms used
15、in different contexts or different disciplines. As an additional aid to communication between the various disciplines, a bibliography of British Standards containing definitions of terms used in management services is given in Appendix A Work magnitude nomenclature. In the first edition of BS3138 an
16、d elsewhere, some ambiguities exist in the meaning conveyed by the terms “job”, “task”, “operation” and “element” and their relationship to one another. These ambiguities were removed in the third edition by the introduction of a hierarchy which has been retained in this edition, i.e. job (32205), t
17、ask (32214), operation(31106) and element (22023). Further guidance on topics related to terms defined in this British Standard may be obtained from BS3375 which has been published in four Parts. In some cases, where two or more terms have the same meaning and one of them is preferred, the preferred
18、 term is printed in bold type (as are all single terms) and the others are printed in ordinary type. The first two digits of the reference number of each term indicate the subsection in which the term appears in the glossary. If the third digit is not a zero, this digit indicates the sub-subsection
19、of the terms entry. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This
20、 document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1to 42, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS3138:1
21、992 BSI 02-1999 1 Section 1. General terms No. Term Definition 1.1 Principal terms 11001 management services The provision of advisory and information services to assist management in improving effective use of resources. This may embrace the use of work study, O & M, operational research, data proc
22、essing, ergonomics, economic forecasting, industrial engineering. 11002 work study, organization and methods (O & M) The systematic examination of activities in order to improve the effective use of human and other resources. NOTEAlthough the processes involved are identical, work study differs from
23、 organization and methods in that the latter is normally reserved for and applied to managerial, administrative and clerical work. 11003 work measurement The application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of working. 11004 work p
24、erformance control The application of work measurement techniques with other information to the appraisal of results and payment for work. 11005 ergonomics The study of the relationship between workers and their occupation, equipment and environment, and particularly the application of anatomical, p
25、hysiological and psychological knowledge to the problems arising therefrom. 11006 organization study The systematic and critical analysis of organizational structures and relationships in order to make improvements. 11007 method study The systematic recording and critical examination of ways of doin
26、g things in order to make improvements. NOTESee Figure 1 and Table 1. 11008 systems analysis The detailed investigation of a real or planned system by a consistent method with a view to determining the functions of the system and their relations among themselves and to any other system. 11009 operat
27、ional research The application of the methods of science to complex problems arising in the direction and management of large systems of people, machines, materials and money in industry, business, government and defence. NOTEThe distinctive approach is to develop a model of the system, incorporatin
28、g measures of factors such as chance and risk, with which to predict and compare the outcomes of alternative decisions, strategies or controls. The purpose is to help management determine its policy and action scientifically. 11010 soft systems methodology A systems-based methodology for tackling re
29、al world problems in which ends known to be desirable cannot be taken as given. NOTESoft systems methodology is based upon a phenomenological stance. 11011 procedure audit An application of the soft systems methodology to establish the current levels of efficiency and effectiveness of an organizatio
30、ns procedures as a prerequisite to effecting improvement.BS3138:1992 2 BSI12-1998 Figure 1 The method study sequenceBS3138:1992 BSI 02-1999 3 Table 1 Method study techniques Data initiation Observation of present practice Analysis of past records Interviewing Listening to what people say Survey and
31、other methods Data recording Models (21049) Process charts (21022, 21028, 21042, 21043, 21056, 21057, 21060, 21061, 21089) Flow charts and flow diagrams (21010, 21026, 21027, 21068, 21086) String diagrams (21080) Bar charts, Gantt charts and other similar charts (21004, 21030, 21052, 21076) Predeter
32、mined motion time system (PMTS) charts and codes (22054, 22055) Memomotion photography and micromotion photography (21045, 21047) Decision tables, etc. (21016, 21017, 21018, 21019) Time study (22086) Sampling techniques Data analysis Model building (21050) Film/video analysis (31105) Sensitivity ana
33、lysis and Pareto analysis (21058, 21074) Factor analysis and factor comparison (21024, 21025) Project network techniques (21063) Statistical analysis, etc. (21002, 21053, 21067, 21075, 21078, 21079, 21091, 22047) Linear programming and dynamic programming (21021, 21040) Creativity Brainstorming (210
34、06) Lateral thinking and vertical thinking (21039, 21093) Critical examination (21014) Progressive elimination (21062) Heuristic procedure (21032) Other questioning techniques (21064) Evaluation Cost/measurement comparisons Qualitative comparisons Results of operating models Statistical comparisons
35、Discussion, etc. Test against constraints, etc. (21011) Communication Writing reports Verbal presentation Informal discussion Meeting procedure Training techniques Attitude changing techniques, etc. Verbal and visual presentation Feedback and control Monitoring Measurement of results Comparison with
36、 targets Corrective action NOTEA number in brackets indicates that the term is defined in this glossary and gives its location.BS3138:1992 4 BSI12-1998 No Term Definition 1.2 Associated terms 12001 assignment The whole or part of a problem or situation given to a practitioner for investigation. 1200
37、2 data capture The process of collecting raw data from any kind of activity and storing or recording it in a form suitable for subsequent processing, study or analysis by human, mechanical or electronic means. 12003 feasibility study A study carried out to test the likelihood of a successful solutio
38、n being obtained. 12004 feedback Information provided by a process or situation that may be used to modify inputs into the same process or situation to conform to the desired plan. 12005 manpower planning A continuous process of making advance decisions about the recruitment, use and deployment of p
39、eople. 12006 pilot project A project to develop a reduced version of a full-scale structure, system or procedure to be used under restricted, nevertheless real, conditions before the final structure, system or procedure is developed. 12007 procedure A specified sequence of actions performed in a job
40、 or task. 12008 professional standards The code of practice and behaviour issued by a professional body, mandatory upon its members, compliance therewith ensuring proper professional conduct. 12009 scheduling The process of determining activity start and finish dates subject to constraints of logic,
41、 time and/or resources. 12010 terms of reference The definition of an assignment comprising scope, objectives, constraints, resource allocation, time limitations and other parameters agreed between the person(s) requesting a study of a situation and those who are to undertake it.BS3138:1992 BSI12-19
42、98 5 Section 2. Methodology NOTEThe basic methodologies used within management services are those of analysis and measurement. This section defines those terms which relate directly to those methodologies rather than to specific applications of them. No. Term Definition 2.1 Analysis 21001 algorithm
43、A prescribed set of well-defined rules or instructions for the solution of a problem or the execution of a procedure with the objective of obtaining a single point optimum result. 21002 analysis of variance 1) Statistical. A method of partitioning the total variance of a set of values in order to as
44、sess whether the variance attributable to a particular source or sources differs from that attributable to random variance. 2) Financial. The examination of the difference between planned use of resources and actual results (Accountancy usage). NOTE 1These definitions are not mutually compatible. NO
45、TE 2See also 21091. 21003 attribute list A list of qualities ascribed to a particular object or system, prepared so that they may be validated against the need of the situation. 21004 bar chart A chart on which activities and their durations are represented by lines drawn to a common scale showing a
46、 sequence of operations. NOTE 1This definition is similar to 10021 of BS4335:1987. NOTE 2See also 21030. NOTE 3The term “bar diagram” is used to signify a means of depicting statistical information. See BS5532-1 for the relevant definition. 21005 bottom-up Pertaining to an approach that starts at th
47、e level of greatest detail or lowest hierarchical level and proceeds up towards the level of least detail or highest hierarchical level. 21006 brainstorming The controlled use of free expression, by which a team of people interact to produce solutions to a problem. 21007 bubble chart spider chart, s
48、pidergram An approximate diagram with entities, ideas or activities inside circles and with lines linking the circles to show their interactions. It is used as an aid to thinking or explanation, or as an overall display of a situation. 21008 characteristics of easy movement Physiologically natural m
49、ovements incorporated in the design of working methods. 21009 coefficient of variation The ratio of the standard deviation to the absolute value of the arithmetic mean. NOTEThe ratio may be expressed as a percentage. 21010 columnar flow chart A flow chart in which specific meanings are attached to separate vertical spaces in which the symbols are placed. NOTEFor example, a column can include all the actions which affect a particular department or function. 21011 constraint A limiting factor that may inhibit the full realization of objectives. 21012 continuous
