1、BRITISH STANDARD CONFIRMED OCTOBER1997 BS3445-1: 1992 Agricultural water troughs and water fittings Part 1: Specification for water trough bodies, service boxes and water supply systemBS3445-1:1992 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Farm and Horticultural Buildings
2、 StandardsPolicy Committee, waspublished under the authorityof the Standards Boardand comes into effect on 31January1992 BSI 05-1999 First published as BS 3445 December 1961 Second edition July 1981 Third edition January 1992 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committe
3、e reference FHB/6 Draft for comment 91/18662 DC ISBN 0 580 20238 0 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Farm and Horticultural Buildings Standards Policy Committee (FHB/-) to Technical Committee FHB/6, upon which the following
4、 bodies were represented: British Agricultural and Garden Machinery Association Ltd. British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd. Glassfibre Reinforced Cement Association Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food National Farmers Union Plastic Tanks and Cisterns Manufacturers Association S T C Water R
5、egulations and Fittings Scheme Scottish Office (Agriculture and Fisheries Department) Water Services Association of England and Wales Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS3445-1:1992 BSI 05-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Section 1. G
6、eneral 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Definitions 1 Section 2. Trough bodies 2.1 Design: general requirements 2 2.2 Concrete troughs 2 2.3 Galvanized steel troughs 3 2.4 Spray moulded glass reinforced cement (GRC) troughs 4 2.5 Polyethylene troughs 5 2.6 Test for watertightness and rigidity of completed trough 6 2
7、.7 Marking and information 6 Section 3. Water fittings and service box 3.1 General 7 3.2 Materials 7 3.3 Design and construction 8 Appendix A Method for determination of toluene extract of carbon black 9 Appendix B Method of test for impact resistance 9 Appendix C Method of test for tensile strength
8、 and elongation at break tests 9 Index 10 Figure 1 Top edge protection of galvanized steel troughs 4 Figure 2 Rim sections 6 Table 1 British Standards for cement in concrete troughs 2 Table 2 Cementitious components 2 Table 3 Minimum number of stiffeners required for galvanized steel troughs 3 Table
9、 4 Minimum dimensions for split tube used for top edge stiffening 3 Table 5 British Standards for cement in GRC troughs 4 Table 6 GRC for trough bodies 4 Table 7 Wall and base thickness for polyethylene troughs 6 Table 8 British Standards for water fittings for troughs 7 Table 9 British Standards fo
10、r supply or distribution pipes, and pipe fittings, to troughs 7 Table 10 Types of float operated valves for various water pressures 7 Table 11 Position of float operated valves 8 Publication(s) referred to 12BS3445-1:1992 ii BSI 05-1999 Foreword This Part of BS3445, together with Part2, is a revisio
11、n of BS3445:1981 and has been prepared under the direction of the Farm and Horticultural Building Standards Policy Committee. It supersedes BS3445:1981 which is withdrawn. The specification for the trough bodies has been revised so as to retain features such as strength and robustness whilst maintai
12、ning optional other features which may be requested as extras. In addition agricultural water trough bodies manufactured from polyethylene have been added. It remains one of the chief functions of this British Standard to protect the water supply against contamination. It is recognized that manufact
13、urers of troughs are rarely involved in the manufacture or supply of water fittings, or in the installation of the troughs. The new standard is therefore written in two Parts in order that the Parts can be specified separately or together as required. BS3445-2 gives recommendations for the installer
14、 and operator on meeting water byelaw requirements. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal ob
15、ligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi and ii, pages1 to12, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
16、the inside front cover.BS3445-1:1992 BSI 05-1999 1 Section 1. General 1.1 Scope This Part of BS3445 specifies requirements for the bodies of agricultural water troughs for holding drinking water for livestock and for the associated water pipes and fittings, the water level being maintained by a floa
17、t operated valve controlling a supply of water through a pipe. Troughs of any suitable shape and of capacity between60L and3000L inclusive are covered by this Part of BS3445. Section2 deals with trough bodies and section3 deals with the water fittings and service box. NOTEThe titles of the publicati
18、ons referred to in this standard are listed on the page 12. 1.2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS3445 the definitions given in BS6100 apply together with the following. 1.2.1 trough body principal water container of a water trough 1.2.2 service box housing, either integral with the wat
19、er trough or attached to it, incorporating a means of attachment for a water supply and for a float operated valve and float 1.2.3 surface box box covering the chamber in which an underground stop valve/cock is located 1.2.4 backflow flow of a liquid in a direction contrary to the intended normal di
20、rection of flow 1.2.5 backsiphonage backflow caused by the siphonage of liquid, from a cistern or appliance, into the pipe feeding the cistern or appliance 1.2.6 type A air gap a visibly unobstructed and complete gap measured vertically between the lowest point of discharge of the inlet pipe and the
21、 spill-over level provided on the associated receiving vessel into which the flow is dischargedBS3445-1:1992 2 BSI 05-1999 Section 2. Trough bodies 2.1 Design: general requirements 2.1.1 The water-holding capacity of the container shall be within the range60L to3 000L inclusive and the size of the t
22、rough shall be defined by this capacity. 2.1.2 Surfaces and edges accessible to livestock shall be free from sharp edges and projections. 2.1.3 The minimum depth of water that the container is able to hold before overflow shall be150mm and the maximum shall be800mm. 2.1.4 The trough body shall eithe
23、r incorporate, or provide for the attachment of, a service box. 2.1.5 The trough body shall withstand the watertightness and rigidity test specified in2.6. 2.1.6 Materials and substances used in the manufacture of troughs shall not impart toxicity to the trough body, nor shall they render the water
24、in the trough unfit for consumption by livestock. 2.2 Concrete troughs 2.2.1 General Concrete troughs shall comply with the general requirements specified in2.1. 2.2.2 Materials 2.2.2.1 General Materials used in the manufacture of precast concrete elements for troughs shall comply with the appropria
25、te British Standards specified in2.2.2.2 to2.2.2.6. The constituents of the concrete shall be proportioned and mixed to a minimum characteristic compressive strength of45N/mm 2at28 days when tested in accordance with BS1881, and a maximum free water/cement ratio of0.5 by mass. Compliance with the ab
26、ove requirements shall be judged in accordance with3.16.2 of BS5328-4:1990. 2.2.2.2 Cement The cement shall comply with one of the following: a) be factory-produced by the cement manufacturer and comply with one of the British Standards given inTable 1; or Table 1 British Standards for cement in con
27、crete troughs b) consist of one of the following combinations of BS12 cement and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (g.g.b.s.) or pulverized-fuel ash (p.f.a.), in accordance withTable 2, to be included as part of the concrete mix by combining them with the other concrete materials in the concrete m
28、ixer. Table 2 Cementitious components 2.2.2.3 Aggregates Aggregates shall consist of materials that comply with BS882 except for the grading requirements of clause5 of BS882:1983. NOTEThe manufacturer may modify the gradings to suit his manufacturing process. (See clause0 of BS882:1983.) The nominal
29、 maximum size of aggregate shall not exceed the least of the following: a) 20mm; b) the concrete cover (see2.2.3.1); c) one-quarter of the minimum thickness of the units. 2.2.2.4 Water Water shall be clean and free from harmful matter in such quantities as would affect the properties ofthe concrete
30、in the plastic or hardened state (seeAppendixA of BS3148:1980). 2.2.2.5 Steel reinforcement The steel reinforcement shall comply with BS4449, BS4482 or BS4483 as appropriate. 2.2.2.6 Admixtures Admixtures shall comply with BS5075. NOTEAdmixtures, when used, should not impair the durability of the co
31、ncrete, nor combine with the ingredients to form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of corrosion of reinforcement. The chloride ion content of admixtures shall not exceed2 % by mass of the admixture or0.03 % by mass of the cement, when used in the following: a) any concrete containing reinforce
32、ment or other embedded metal; and b) any concrete made with cement complying with BS4027. 2.2.3 Design 2.2.3.1 The walls and the floor of the water-containing compartment shall be not less than48mm thick. Type of cement British Standard Ordinary and rapid-hardening Portland BS12 Portland-blastfurnac
33、e BS146-2 Sulfate-resisting Portland BS4027 Portland pulverized-fuel ash BS6588 Cementitious component other than cement British Standard % by mass of total cementitious content g.g.b.s BS6699 0% to65% p.f.a. BS3892-1 15% to35%BS3445-1:1992 BSI 05-1999 3 The minimum nominal cover to the reinforcemen
34、t shall be20mm. The unit shall be designed in accordance with BS8110 or otherwise reinforced to ensure that cracking does not occur as a result of stress imposed during handling and normal use. 2.2.3.2 As a protection against frost damage, the water container shall have a vertical taper of not less
35、than12mm per300mm depth on all sides in contact with water. 2.2.4 Compaction All units shall be compacted so that, when hardened, they shall be free from honeycombing and from any individual large void (i.e.greater than6mm) as defined in4.4.1 of BS1881-120:1983. 2.2.5 Work in cold weather Concrete,
36、when placed, shall have a temperature of not less than5 C, which shall be maintained until the concrete is hardened. It is permissible to heat aggregates and water, before mixing, to a temperature not exceeding60 C. No materials or moulds shall be used at a temperature below0 C. 2.3 Galvanized steel
37、 troughs 2.3.1 General Galvanized steel troughs shall comply with2.1. 2.3.2 Materials 2.3.2.1 Troughs shall be constructed from low carbon steel sheet with continuous welded joints. 2.3.2.2 Troughs with either a height or a width that does not exceed600mm shall be constructed in low carbon steel of
38、thickness not less than1.59mm before galvanizing. 2.3.2.3 Troughs with either a height or a width that does exceed600mm shall be constructed in low carbon steel of thickness not less than2.00mm before galvanizing. 2.3.3 Stiffening To ensure rigidity during galvanizing and in use, troughs shall be pr
39、ovided with lateral and top edge stiffening as follows: a) lateral stiffeners consisting of25mm 6mm bar steel, welded at both ends across the width of the trough, as specified inTable 3; Table 3 Minimum number of stiffeners required for galvanized steel troughs b) top edge stiffening (which also pro
40、vides protection to animals from sharp edges) shall be provided either: 1) using split tube tops as specified inTable 4 and illustrated inFigure 1(a); or 2) using rolled tops which shall have an external diameter of not less than25mm. 2.3.4 Corners The corners of the top edge shall be free from shar
41、p projections to avoid injury to animals. Split tube tops or roll tops shall be either mitred and welded or the gap between the top edge stiffening on the side and end of the trough shall be covered by a shaped fitting welded into place to cover the gap. Table 4 Minimum dimensions for split tube use
42、d for top edge stiffening 2.3.5 Galvanizing After assembly, the troughs shall be galvanized in accordance with BS729. Length of trough body Minimum number of stiffeners Troughs of 1.59mm steel (see2.3.2.1) Troughs of 2.00mm steel (see2.3.2.2) Up to and including1 500mm Nil Nil Over1 500mm and up to2
43、 000mm Nil One Over2 000mm and up to2 500mm Two Two Over2 500mm and up to3 000mm Three Three Characteristic Troughs of 1.59mm steel (see2.3.2.1) Troughs of 2.00mm steel (see2.3.2.2) External diameter of tube 25mm 31mm Wall thickness of tube 1.21mm 1.59mmBS3445-1:1992 4 BSI 05-1999 2.4 Spray moulded
44、glass reinforced cement (GRC) troughs 2.4.1 General GRC troughs shall comply with2.1. 2.4.2 Materials 2.4.2.1 Cement The cement used shall comply with the appropriate British Standard as given inTable 5. Table 5 British Standards for cement in GRC troughs 2.4.2.2 Aggregates Aggregates shall be suita
45、bly graded silica sand, limestone, granite or other stable fine material which is hard, durable and clean. It shall not contain deleterious materials in such a form or in sufficient quantity to affect adversely the strength at any age or the durability of the GRC. Account shall be taken of the fact
46、that aggregates vary in properties such as shrinkage and modulus of elasticity. 2.4.2.3 Water Water shall be clean and free from harmful matter in such quantities as would affect the properties of the GRC (see Appendix A of BS3148:1980). 2.4.2.4 Alkali-resistant glassfibre The glassfibre shall be of
47、 alkali-resistance quality containing not less than16 % zirconia. The strength of the glassfibre in a cement environment shall be assessed by means of the strand strength test and a certificate giving the results of the test shall be provided. The glassfibre shall have an S.I.C. value greater than33
48、0N/mm 2after96h in water at80 C when tested in accordance with the Glassfibre Reinforced Cement Association document GRCA50104/0184: January1984. 2.4.2.5 Admixtures Where admixtures are used they shall comply with BS5075 and the suppliers recommendations and instructions shall be followed. Any admix
49、tures used shall not reduce the strength of the product or cause any corrosion of fittings, nor shall they impart any obnoxious or unpallatable substance into the drinking water. 2.4.2.6 Polymers Only polymers of a type formulated, or recommended by a supplier, for use in cementitious slurries shall be used. Anti-foaming agent shall be added or included in the constitution of the polymer. 2.4.2.7 Requirements for GRC Test board samples for testing in accordance with BS6432 shall be produced each working day and the arithmetic mean
