1、BRITISH STANDARD BS3446-1: 1990 Glossary of Terms associated with refractory materials Part1: General and manufacturingBS3446-1:1990 This BritishStandard, having been prepared under the directionof the Refractory Products Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the BoardofBSI
2、 and comes into effect on 30 November1990 BSI12-1999 First published May1962 Second edition in Parts November1990 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference RPM/7 Drafts for comment86/41323 DC 86/44128DC 87/37016DC ISBN 0 580 18343 2 Committees responsible
3、for this BritishStandard The preparation of this BritishStandard was entrusted by the Refractory Products Standards Policy Committee (RPM/-) to Technical Committee RPM/7, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Cement Association British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Coal Corporati
4、on British Steel Industry Department of Trade and Industry (Minerals and Metals Division) Refractories Association of Great Britain Society of Glass Technology Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS3446-1:1990 BSI 12-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside f
5、ront cover Foreword ii Section 1. General 1 Section 2. Raw materials and minerals 4 Section 3. Manufacture 8 Section 4. Types of refractory material 18 Section 5. Brick shapes and furnace design 23 Section 6. Properties, methods of test and use of test results 38 Index 51 Figure 1 Face and edge desi
6、gnations of a brick 23 Figure 2 Typical anchor brick 24 Figure 3 Annulus brick 24 Figure 4 Assymetric cone brick 25 Figure 5 Bevel brick 25 Figure 6 Types of bonder 26 Figure 7 Bullnose 26 Figure 8 Types of circle brick 26 Figure 9 Circle brick on edge 27 Figure 10 Cone brick 27 Figure 11 Crown bric
7、k 27 Figure 12 Dome brick 28 Figure 13 End arch 28 Figure 14 End skew on edge 29 Figure 15 End skew on flat 29 Figure 16 Feather end 29 Figure 17 Feather end on edge 30 Figure 18 Feather side 30 Figure 19 Pup 30 Figure 20 Types of radial brick 31 Figure 21 Rhomboid 31 Figure 22 Semi-universal brick
8、32 Figure 23 Side arch brick 32 Figure 24 Side skew 32 Figure 25 Typical skewback 33 Figure 26 Split 33 Figure 27 Straight 34 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS3446-1:1990 ii BSI 12-1999 Foreword This Part of BS3446 has been prepared under the direction of the Refractory Products Standards
9、 Policy Committee. Together with Parts2 and3 it forms a revision of BS3446:1962, which is withdrawn. Much of the work in preparing BS3446 was conducted under a joint BSI/DTI 1)Consultancy Scheme. BS3446 is published in three Parts: Part1: General and manufacturing (sections1 to6); Part2: Application
10、s in the coke, glass, cement and other non-metallurgical industries (sections7 and8); Part3: Applications in the metallurgical industries (section9). Terms are listed alphabetically within each section. Each term has an individual number consisting of five digits in two parts, the first of two digit
11、s, the second of three. The first two digits represent the number of the section and subsection (inthe case of sections1,2 and4, the second digit is0 as these sections have no divisions into subsections). The last three digits represent the place that the term occupies within the section or subsecti
12、on. Alternative terms are given below the preferred term. These terms are not individually numbered, but are included in the index with a reference to the preferred term. Terms of more than one word, e.g.“ceramic bond”, are written in a direct style, not as “bond, ceramic”. Italicized words indicate
13、 terms that are defined elsewhere in this Part of BS3446. The definitions presented in this Part of BS3446 give the general meaning of terms, and should not be interpreted as being legally binding. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this Part of BS3446 are listed on theinsidebackcover
14、. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprise
15、s a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to56, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. 1) Department of Trade and
16、Industry.BS3446-1:1990 BSI 12-1999 1 Section 1. General terms No. Term Definition 10 001 abrasion Surface wear caused by the mechanical action of solids. (Seecorrosion and erosion.) 10 002 attrition Particle size reduction by a process depending mainly on impact and/or a rubbing action. 10 003 batch
17、 A quantity of material passing through a manufacturing process, which can be clearly identified at all stages of manufacture. 10 004 batch composition The blend of materials proportioned in a definite manner. (Seemix.) 10 005 binder A substance added to a non-plastic granular material to give it wo
18、rkability and green strength and/or dry strength. 10 006 calcination Heat treatment intended to produce mineralogical or chemical changes in certain raw materials. 10 007 ceramic bond The vitreous or crystalline material formed, on firing, in the interstices of a ceramic body and giving cohesion and
19、 mechanical strength to the fired product. 10 008 chamotte Refractory clay that has been specifically fired for use as a non-plastic material. (Seegrog.) 10 009 clinker Fused, partially fused or sintered material. (Seesintering). 10 010 coarse The large particle size fraction in a batch. (Seefines.)
20、 10 011 conversion A change in the crystalline structure of a material which is not immediately reversible, resulting from heat treatment. (Seeinversion.) NOTEThe term is often applied to silica. 10 012 corrosion Material loss caused by chemical reaction. (Seeabrasion and erosion.) 10 013 crazing A
21、network of surface cracks. 10 014 devitrification The formation of crystals in a vitreous material. 10 015 dilatancy The property of a fluid, e.g.a ceramic slurry, which when stirred becomes less fluid than when allowed to stand. (Seethixotropy.) 10 016 dross Scum formed on liquid metal. 10 017 dry
22、strength The mechanical strength of a dried but unfired material. (Seegreen strength.) 10 018 dusting Spontaneous falling to a powder. (Seeinversion.) 10 019 erosion Surface wear caused by the mechanical action of a fluid, whether containing solid materials or not. (Seeabrasion and corrosion.) 10 02
23、0 exfoliation The property possessed by certain materials, e.g.vermiculites and hydro-biotites, of expanding permanently in a direction parallel to a particular axis when submitted to sudden heating, forming a laminar texture. (Seeintumescence.) 10 021 fines The small particle size fraction in a bat
24、ch. (Seecoarse.) 10 022 flashing Dark areas found on the surface of fired refractory bricks. 10 023 flux (metallurgical) A material that, when present in or added to a refractory material (even in very small amounts) appreciably lowers the temperature of formation of a liquid phase.BS3446-1:1990 2 B
25、SI 12-1999 No. Term Definition 10 024 grading The grain-size distribution of a mix. 10 025 green green state non-preferred Shaped but unfired (as applied to ceramic materials). 10 026 green strength The mechanical strength of a green ceramic product. 10 027 grog Firebrick or other calcined or fused
26、materials (unused or used) for incorporation in a batch as a non-plastic material. 10 028 hot face refractory materials The refractory materials comprising the inner or working lining. 10 029 intumescence The property possessed by certain materials, e.g.perlites, of expanding permanently during suit
27、able heat treatment, and forming a vesicular texture. (Seeexfoliation.) 10 030 inversion A generally rapid and immediately reversible change in the crystalline form of a material resulting from a change in temperature (Seeconversion.) 10 031 inversion point The temperature at which a crystalline inv
28、ersion takes place. 10 032 iron spot A dark coloured spot formed from particles of iron or its compounds that are present in a brick. 10 033 lamination Directional faults in texture that may be formed during shaping of clayware or other refractory materials. 10 034 matrix ground mass non-preferred I
29、n a polycrystalline and especially heterogeneous mass, e.g.igneous minerals and refractory materials, the material between large crystals or grains of the major component(s), which bonds them together. It may itself be crystalline or vitreous. 10 035 mineralizer A substance which in small quantities
30、 encourages, during firing, the formation and/or crystallization of certain compounds. 10 036 mix The batch after it has been mixed. (Seebatch composition.) 10 037 moisture content A term that can be broadly subdivided as follows. a) Chemically-combined moisture content. The mass of water retained i
31、n a material after it has been dried to constant mass at100 C. b) Critical moisture content. The average mass of water contained within a test piece when the constant rate period is at an end. c) Equilibrium moisture content. The limiting mass of water remaining to which any given material can be dr
32、ied under specific conditions of air temperature and humidity. d) Free moisture content. The mass of water in excess of the chemically-combined moisture. 10 038 monolithic Jointless, e.g.as applied to linings that are moulded, rammed or cast in situ. 10 039 non-plastic material A material with no in
33、herent plasticity or dry strength. 10 040 partial vitrification Transformation by heat treatment of a substance or mixture into a product containing a moderate proportion of vitreous phase, giving the material a lower apparent porosity. (Seesintering and vitrification.) 10 041 plasticity The propert
34、y of a material, and especially of clay, that allows it to be shaped without cracking and to retain its new form.BS3446-1:1990 BSI 12-1999 3 No. Term Definition 10 042 pore Small void in the texture of a product. 10 043 refractory material refractory, refractory product, both non-preferred A non-met
35、allic material or product (but not excluding those containing a proportion of metal) having heat-resisting properties, usually measured by classes in pyrometric cone equivalent and selected according to the operating temperature and the level of protection required. 10 044 rheology The science of th
36、e deformation and flow of materials. 10 045 rheopexy A property of certain materials to exhibit dilatancy under small shearing stress followed by thixotropy under greater stress. 10 046 shelling peeling, flaking, both non-preferred The loss of part of the surface of a refractory material as a conseq
37、uence of cracking behind the hot face. (Seespalling.) 10 047 shot A non-fibrous component of ceramic fibre products. 10 048 sintering The bonding of powdered and/or granular materials by solid state reactions at a temperature lower than that required for the formation of a liquid phase. (Seepartial
38、vitrification and vitrification.) 10 049 slag(1) A non-metallic material formed during the treatment or purification of a metal. 10 050 slag(2) A non-metallic material resulting from chemical reaction between a refractory material and materials in contact with it. (Seedross.) 10 051 slip Generally a
39、 stable suspension of clay in water with or without the inclusion of other materials; this term can also denote other stable suspensions, e.g.of alumina. (Seeslurry.) 10 052 slurry A concentrated suspension (containing some relatively coarse material) in water. (Seeslip.) 10 053 solid solution A cry
40、stalline phase, the composition of which can, within limits, be varied without the appearance of an additional phase. Many solid solutions occur naturally and are important in various areas of the technology of refractory materials. 10 054 spalling The fracture and physical loss of pieces of a refra
41、ctory material. 10 055 structure Crystalline or atomic arrangement. (Seetexture.) NOTEThe term “structure” is generally used in combination with another word to define the type, e.g.micro-structure, atomic structure, crystal structure. 10 056 texture A relationship existing between the various shape
42、s, sizes and orientations of pores and grains in a refractory material. 10 057 thixotropy A property of certain materials to become less fluid when allowed to stand and more fluid when stirred. 10 058 vitrification The transformation by heat treatment of a substance or mixture into a product contain
43、ing a large proportion of vitreous phase, giving the material a low apparent porosity and permeability. (Seepartial vitrification and sintering.) 10 059 vitrify To effect vitrification. 10 060 warpage The degree of bending, twisting or distortion which may occur during manufacture of a refractory br
44、ick, shape or block.BS3446-1:1990 4 BSI 12-1999 Section 2. Raw materials and minerals No. Term Definition 20 001 alumina Aluminium oxide, Al 2 O 3 . It exists in several crystalline forms, the principal being gamma-alumina and alpha-alumina. NOTESo-called beta-alumina contains a small amount of alka
45、i metal oxide. (Seecorundum.) 20 002 anatase Crystalline form of titania. (Seebrookite and rutile.) 20 003 andalusite One of three minerals having the same composition, Al 2 O 3 .SiO 2 , but different crystalline forms. (Seekyanite and sillimanite.) NOTEThis term is also commonly used for a rock con
46、taining a major proportion of this mineral. 20 004 asbestos A group of the naturally, occurring hydrated crystalline silicates which can be separated into fine fibres. 20 005 baddeleyite A mineral mainly composed of zirconia. 20 006 ball clay A highly plastic secondary kaolinitic clay. 20 007 bauxit
47、e(1) A residual deposit containing principally one or more hydrates of alumina; it may also contain clay minerals and hydrated iron oxide. (Seediaspore, gibbsite and boehmite.) 20 008 bauxite(2) Loose term for the oxide refractory material obtained on calcination. 20 009 bentonite A highly plastic m
48、ontmorillonitic clay, essentially derived from volcanic ash. 20 010 beryl The mineral form of beryllium alumino-silicate, 3BeO.Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 . 20 011 beryllia Beryllium oxide, BeO. 20 012 boehmite One of the monohydrates of alumina, Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O. (Seebauxite and diaspore.) 20 013 breunerite A
49、magnesium iron carbonate. 20 014 brookite A crystalline form of titania. (Seeanatase and rutile.) 20 015 brucite Hydrated magnesium oxide. 20 016 calcite A crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 . 20 017 chalk A soft, relatively pure limestone, consisting of fine grained calcium carbonate. 20 018 china clay kaolin non-preferred A primary or secondary clay consisting of comparatively coarsely-crystalline kaolinite; it is not very plastic and is white-firing. Distinction is made between china-clay rock, which con
