1、BRITISH STANDARD BS3618: Section11: 1967 Glossary of Mining terms Section11: Strata controlBS3618:Section11:1967 This BritishStandard, having been approved by the Colliery Requisites Industry Standards Committee and endorsed by theChairman of the Engineering Divisional Council, was publishedunder th
2、e authority ofthe General Council on 29December1967 BSI02-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference CRE/17 Draft for comment66/18815 ISBN 0 580 34516 5 Co-operating organizations The Colliery Requisites Industry Standards Committee, under whose superv
3、ision this BritishStandard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government department and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers* British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association British Iron and Steel Federat
4、ion Electric Cable Makers Confederation Federation of Associations of Mining Equipment Manufacturers Institution of Electrical Engineers Institution of Mechanical Engineers Institution of Mining Engineers* Mechanical Handling Engineers Association Ministry of Power* National Association of Colliery
5、Managers* National Coal Board* The Government department and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this BritishStandard: University of Birmingham University of Leed
6、s University of London University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS3618:Section11:1967 BSI 02-2000 i Contents Page Co-operating organizations Inside front cover Foreword ii Section 11. Strata control 1 Figure 1 Subsidence terms 8BS3618:Section11:1967
7、 ii BSI 02-2000 Foreword In preparing this glossary the object has been to standardize and to co-ordinate the technical terms in current use in mining in the United Kingdom. Although the majority of the terms are necessarily concerned with coal mining, account has been taken of certain terms used in
8、 other forms of mining and of quarrying. During the long period which has elapsed since the publication of the last authoritative mining glossary 1) , many new terms have come into use. The need for the present glossary has arisen from the widely varying interpretation and use of such new terms, and
9、 the prevalent use of more than one synonym, some purely local in origin, to indicate specific meanings. The glossary will initially be issued in a number of sections, according to subject matter, and will include terms relevant to the following fields of mining: Planning and Surveying; Ventilation;
10、 Boring and Exploration; Drainage; Geology; Drilling and Blasting; Electrical Engineering and Lighting; Winning and Working; Transport; Shafts and Associated Equipment; Strata Control. i) Where two or more terms are in use the term which is favoured is given first and printed in heavy type. It is ho
11、ped that such preferred terms will gradually displace the non-preferred terms. Where the use of any term is considered to be undesirable it is marked “deprecated”. ii) Taking a broad view of the various sections of this glossary, only terms which have a specific meaning in mining have been included
12、and, generally, where a technical term has an accepted meaning in other fields of engineering it has been omitted; the few exceptions are terms which are of particular and fundamental importance in mining. iii) Purely local terms are not defined, but those of sufficient importance are included as no
13、n-preferred terms alongside the preferred synonyms. iv) Obsolete terms are excluded. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of its
14、elf confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to8 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment
15、table on the inside front cover. 1) “A glossary of the mining and mineral industry” by A.H. Fay, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, 1920.BS3618:Section11:1967 BSI 02-2000 1 Section 11. Strata control Term Definition abutment The region adjoining an excavation which is normally subjected to increased
16、stress as a consequence of the redistribution of load. This may be at the front of, or at the sides or rear of a working face. advance pack BUTTRESS PACK A small pack built in advance of the gate side pack to limit the spreading of the adjoining caved waste towards the roadway in a longwall face. an
17、ti-flushing shields A curtain of bars, plates or chains on the waste side of powered supports to hold back the material which flushes or falls from the caved waste. anti-slewing struts Bars fitted between powered supports to prevent slewing of the supports on gradients. arch girder RING, deprecated
18、A rolled steel section bent into the form of an arch and normally in two or more lengths joined together to form a support for the roof and sides of a roadway. articulated arch An arch in which the component lengths are hinged together. articulated bar Seelink bar. backfill 1. Material which is used
19、 to fill the void following extraction of mineral. 2. Overburden replaced after opencast extraction of mineral. 3. Loose material placed behind the shaft wall or the lining of any other excavation. backward hading breaks Breaks whose planes are inclined from the normal to the plane of the seam, towa
20、rds the goaf. bar A support set parallel to the roof. barrier pillars Pillars or strips of coal or other mineral suitably dimensioned and disposed, left unworked for the purpose of dividing a seam or mine into separate working panels or districts. bar slide bracket system A system of support in whic
21、h roof bars are slid forward on brackets attached to adjacent parallel bars, props being then set to the newly advanced bars. bar slide head A device at the top of a support enabling the support to remain set to the roof while the bar above it is released and slid forward to a new setting position.
22、bar slide head system A system of support in which roof bars are moved forward through bar slide heads, the props continuing to carry load. bed separation The moving apart of stratified beds caused by excavation. breaking-off line The support line at the rear edge of a longwall face along which the
23、roof is induced to break. breaking-off props Props set alongside the edge of the intended goaf or of a ripping, to determine the line of break. breaks The fractures that develop in the roof, floor or sides of an excavation, due to deformation of the surrounding strata. bump CRUMP A sudden and heavy
24、release of strain energy in the major body of rock surrounding a mine working, resulting in displacement of the strata. buttress pack Seeadvance pack. cambered girder A curved roof bar set in a roadway with its convex surface to the roof. cantilever bar A roof bar projecting forward to support the r
25、oof beyond the propped area. cap Seelid. capsule Seehydraulic load cell. catch prop JACK PROP, deprecated A supplementary prop not forming part of the planned support system.BS3618:Section11:1967 2 BSI 02-2000 Term Definition caving The process of permitting the roof or hanging wall to collapse into
26、 the space from which coal or mineral has been excavated. chock Strong roof support consisting of layers of hardwood or a steel structure. (See also hydraulic chock.) chock prop A heavy duty prop normally erected to induce caving or to provide additional support in a roadhead. cleavage 1. In a cryst
27、alline material one or more series of parallel planes along which the mineral tends to split. 2. In a rock, definite parallel closely spaced planes along which it may split, and which may be highly inclined to the bedding planes. cog A roof support built from interlaced layers of wood and usually fi
28、lled with dirt. competent beds Beds which have physical characteristics such that they respond to tectonic forces by folding and faulting, rather than by crushing and flowing. (Competent beds are relatively strong and incompetent beds relatively weak.) convergence Movement of roof and floor towards
29、each other after removal of mineral. The rate of convergence is measured as either: 1) the convergence for a given advance of the face, or 2) the convergence in a given time. convergence recorder A device for measuring and/or recording the amount by which roof and floor approach each other. coupled
30、bar Seelink bar. creep The property of certain rocks of undergoing progressive deformation with time when subjected to sufficiently high constant stress. crown The top of a roadway or arch girder. crump Seebump. crush block A block of soft material inserted between a support and the roof, or floor,
31、between two members of a support system, or incorporated within a brick wall, to permit yield and so reduce deformation of the support. depth pressure SUPERINCUMBENT LOAD An assumed pressure due to the overlying strata. In Coal Measures strata normally taken as1lbf/in 2(0.007kgf/mm 2 ) per foot of d
32、epth. dint 1. A place where material is removed from the floor of a roadway to increase height. 2. To cut away the floor to make height. dome theory The theory of rock mechanics which suggests that a wide excavation underground produces a surrounding dome shaped region within which the rock is broke
33、n. draw roof Seefollowing roof. drummy The hollow sound emitted when loose rock forming part of the roof, floor or sides of an excavation is struck. dummy gate DUMMY ROAD, deprecated A road which is formed but not maintained behind a long-wall face, to provide material for building intermediate pack
34、s. dynamometer prop A prop which is capable of indicating or recording the load which it is carrying. early bearing prop A yielding prop which is designed to accept its maximum load soon after it is set (cf. late bearing prop). epicentre In mining, the place of origin of a rock burst. fall Loose mat
35、erial which has fallen from the roof or sides of an excavation.BS3618:Section11:1967 BSI 02-2000 3 Term Definition flat jack A hydraulic pressure device used to impose measured load on a support or rock in situ. floor bolt Seerock bolt. floor penetration The penetration of loaded supports into the f
36、loor of the seam. floor strength Seeload bearing capacity. flushing 1. The displacement of loose material from the waste to the supported area. 2. The crumbling of the roof or sides around the supports in an excavation. following roof DRAW ROOF RAMBLE, deprecated A layer of roof which falls as coal
37、is excavated, or soon after. forepoling The use of girders or bars projecting forward in cantilever as temporary supports beneath newly exposed roof. forepoling bracket HORSEHEAD BRACKET A bracket used for the attachment of a forepole to a permanent support, and designed to permit a girder to be sli
38、d forward as excavation proceeds. forward (front) abutment Pressure abutment in advance of a working face. (Seeabutment.) forward hading breaks Breaks whose planes are inclined from the normal to the plane of the seam, towards the face. frame support A support consisting of a base frame, two or more
39、 legs and a roof bar. friction cap A replaceable cap, made of material having a high coefficient of friction, which is fitted to the prop head. friction prop A roof support, the yield of which is controlled by a device depending for its operation upon friction between parts of the prop. front abutme
40、nt pressure Seeabutment. goaf SeeWinning and Working section. goal post support A frame support having two legs set usually at the ends of the bar. gutter The narrow extension in height of a roof fall. harmonic extraction The working of one or more coal seams by means of a special layout and time se
41、quence of extraction, the aim being to lower the overlying surface with minimum of flexure, causing thereby a minimum of damage. head tree Seelid. heave 1. Upward movement of the floor. 2. SeeGeology section. holing sprag Seenog. horsehead bracket Seeforepoling bracket. horsehead girder A girder use
42、d for forepoling in a roadway. hydraulic chock A large diameter hydraulic prop for heavy duty. hydraulic load cell CAPSULE, deprecated A load measuring device with a hydraulic system of load indication. hydraulic prop A roof support dependent for its erection and yield under load on a hydraulic syst
43、em embodying a hydraulic pump and relief valve. hydraulic stowing Filling or partly filling of a goaf with waste material transported underground in a hydraulic suspension. immediate roof In coal mining, the roof immediately above an excavation which is carried by the supports (cf. nether roof). jac
44、k prop Seecatch prop. key supports Special supports installed at intervals and used to regulate the position of other powered supports on an inclined longwall face.BS3618:Section11:1967 4 BSI 02-2000 Term Definition lagging Concrete, steel or timber, etc., placed between or behind permanent roadway
45、supports. lamellar prop Friction prop with a number of laminated members affording several friction surfaces. lateral roof movement Relative movement along the plane of the seam, between the roof and floor in longwall working. late bearing prop A yielding prop which is designed to accept its maximum
46、 load late in its loading cycle. leg 1. A prop in a powered support unit. 2. The lower member of a roadway arch. lid CAP HEAD TREE, deprecated A compression piece usually of wood placed between a prop and the roof, or between a prop and a bar. link bar COUPLED BAR ARTICULATED BAR, deprecated A roof
47、bar which is capable of being coupled in line to another bar and is held in position against the roof by means of a wedge or a shoe. load bearing capacity(1) FLOOR STRENGTH ROOF STRENGTH The inherent resistance of the mine floor or roof to penetration by supports. load bearing capacity(2) The resist
48、ance offered by a roof support at its point of yield or failure. load shedding In a support, a sudden and unintentional loss of resistance to load. mechanical stowing Filling or partly filling the goaf with waste material projected by high speed belt or paddle wheel, or carried and compacted by a sc
49、raper bucket. natural arch The shape taken by an unsupported excavation as the roof breaks down. nether roof The stratum immediately above a coal seam (cf. immediate roof). nog HOLING SPRAG A steel or wooden wedge inserted in the cut to delay convergence and/or to prevent spalling of coal from the face. overriding The breaking down of the roof at a waste edge over the supports and in advance of the designed breaking-off line. packing The systematic use of dirt in underground excavations for the purpose of roof support and control. pneumatic stowing The filling or partial fi
