1、BRITISH STANDARD BS3618-5: 1971 Glossary of Mining terms Section5: GeologyBS3618-5:1971 This British Standard, having been approved by the Mining andQuarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee,was published underthe authority of theExecutive Board on 21June1971 BSI11-1999 First published June1
2、964 First revision June1971 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference MQE/17 Draft for approval70/19578 ISBN 580 06972 9 Co-operating organizations The Mining and Quarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee, under whose supervision this British Stand
3、ard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government department and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers* British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association British Steel Industry Council of Underground Machine
4、ry Manufacturers Department of Trade and Industry* Engineering Equipment Users Association Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes Institute of Quarrying Institution of Mechanical Engineers Institution of Mining Engineers* Mechanical Handling Engineers Association National C
5、oal Board* The Government department and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy University of Birmingham
6、University of London University of Nottingham Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS3618-5:1971 BSI 11-1999 i Contents Page Co-operating organizations Inside front cover Foreword ii Figure 1 Ore shoot (indicating “pitch”) 9 Figure 2 Normal fault and associated terms 9 Figure 3
7、Dip and associated terms 10 Figure 4 Trough fault (in section) 10 Figure 5 Lag fault (in section) 10 Figure 6 Thrust fault or overthrust (in section) 11 Figure 7 Monocline (in section) 11 Figure 8 Horst (in section) 11 Figure 9 Reverse fault (in section) 12BS3618-5:1971 ii BSI 11-1999 Foreword This
8、glossary has been prepared, under the authority of the Mining and Quarrying Requisites Industry Standards Committee, in order to standardize and to co-ordinate the technical terms in current use in mining in the UnitedKingdom. Although the majority of the terms defined in the original edition of thi
9、s glossary were primarily concerned with coalmining, account has been taken of terms used in other forms of mining and of quarrying. The need for this glossary arose from the widely varying interpretation of terms used within the industry, and the prevalent use of more than one synonym, some purely
10、local in origin, to indicate specific meanings. The glossary has been issued in a number of sections, according to subject matter, as follows: Section1: Planning and surveying; Section2: Ventilation; Section3: Boring and exploration; Section4: Drainage; Section5: Geology; Section6: Drilling and blas
11、ting; Section7: Electrical engineering and lighting; Section8: Winning and working; Section9: Shafts and associated equipment; Section10: Transport; Section11: Strata control. In the normal process of periodical review of the BS3618 publications it was seen that a number of modifications and additio
12、ns were desirable to Section5, “Geology”; therefore, since the edition was dated1964, it was decided to publish a revision incorporating these changes. In compiling the glossary account has been taken of the fact that terms primarily associated with coal are separately defined in BS3323, “Glossary o
13、f coal terms”, and terms relating to coal preparation are defined in BS3553, “Glossary of terms used in coal preparation”. The following factors also have applied in the statement, selection and definition of terms: 1) Where two or more terms are grouped together, the term which is favoured is print
14、ed first and in heavy type. It is hoped that such preferred terms will gradually displace the non-preferred terms. The non-preferred terms of a group are printed in small capital letters. Where the use of any term is considered to be undesirable it is marked deprecated. 2) Generally, only terms whic
15、h have a specific meaning in this field have been included. Where a technical term has an accepted meaning in other fields of engineering it has been omitted; the few exceptions are terms which are of particular importance in mining. 3) Purely local terms are not defined, but those of sufficient imp
16、ortance are included as non-preferred terms. 4) Obsolete terms are excluded.BS3618-5:1971 BSI 11-1999 iii A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Sta
17、ndard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi to iv, pages1to12 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indica
18、ted in the amendment table on the inside front cover.iv blankBS3618-5:1971 BSI 11-1999 1 Term Definition agglomerate A naturally cemented unstratified mass of coarse volcanic fragments. alluvium Deposits, normally unconsolidated, made by streams in channels and over their flood plains and deltas. an
19、kerite CLEAT SPAR, deprecated A white mineral, sometimes discoloured, commonly occurring in the cleat of coal. The main constituents are calcium, magnesium and iron carbonates. anthracite Coal of the highest rank having volatile matter in the region of10% or less. anticline An arch-like fold in stra
20、tified rocks. apparent dip The dip in any random vertical section, having a value between zero in the section containing the line of strike and full dip in the section at right angles to this line. (See Figure 3.) aquifer A permeable water-bearing stratum. arenaceous Sandy. argillaceous Clayey. ash
21、The inorganic residue after the incineration of coal to constant weight under standard conditions. In general it differs in weight and composition from the original mineral matter. ash (volcanic) Fine loose debris ejected in volcanic eruptions it gives rise to tuff (q.v.) when compacted. backs 1) A
22、system of joints in coal or stratified mineral oblique to the bedding at an angle at35 to75 . See also slips. 2) See Winning and working section. band 1) Any bed or stratum of rock (deprecated). 2) See dirt band. barren ground Unproductive strata in mines. basin A structure in which the strata dip i
23、nwards on all sides. bass, deprecated BAST, deprecated Carbonaceous shale, or canneloid shale. basset edge, deprecated The outcrop of a coal seam. batt, deprecated BAT, deprecated A dirt band interstratified with coal or ironstone. bed A layer of rock or mineral. bedding plane The interface between
24、two adjacent beds of sedimentary rock. bedrock The solid rock underlying superficial deposits. See also rockhead. bind, deprecated BLAES, deprecated BLUE BIND, deprecated Shale or mudstone occurring in Coal Measures. bituminous coal A general term descriptive of coal other than anthracite and low-vo
25、latile coal on the one hand and lignite on the other. blackband ironstone A bed of ironstone containing sufficient carbonaceous matter to make it self-calcining. boghead coal TORBANITE Coal resembling cannel coal in physical appearance and properties, but distinguished microscopically by the presenc
26、e of the remains of algae. boulder clay Glacial clay, generally containing a variety of boulders or pebbles. brasses See pyrite.BS3618-5:1971 2 BSI 11-1999 Term Definition brat, deprecated A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrite or with calcium carbonate. breccia A rock consisting of broken angular, un
27、worn fragments held together by a natural cement. buried channel An old channel filled and concealed by glacial or other superficial deposits. burnt coal Coal altered by heat from an igneous intrusion within or near the seam. cannel coal CANNEL PARROT, deprecated Strong, non-banded coal with a satin
28、 sheen or wax lustre, showing a conchoidal fracture; distinguished microscopically from boghead coal by the presence of the remains of spores. Generally having high volatile matter content and readily ignitable. cank A hard, dark-grey massive, rock consisting largely of ankerite, found in some Coal
29、Measures marine beds. carbonaceous Consisting of or containing coal or coal-like material. The term is used especially of shale with particles of such material distributed throughout the mass. cauldron bottom, A concretionary mass surrounded by glossy surfaces and usually occurring in the roof of a
30、coal seam. china clay See kaolin. clay CLOD, deprecated A rock composed of colloidally fine complex silicates formed by the natural decomposition of pre-existing rocks. clay-band ironstone CLAY IRONSTONE, deprecated Impure argillaceous carbonate of iron occurring in sand-stones and shales, either as
31、 definite layers or as nodules. cleat Joints in coal more or less normal to the bedding planes. cleat spar See ankerite. cleavage 1) In a crystalline mineral, one or more series of parallel planes along which the mineral tends to split. 2) In a rock, definite parallel closely spaced planes along whi
32、ch it may split, and which may be highly inclined to the bedding planes. clift, deprecated A strong, usually silty, mudstone. clod 1) A relatively thin bed of weak rock immediately overlying a coal seam. 2) See clay. clunch, deprecated 1) A fine-grained, often clayey, rock which breaks readily into
33、irregular lumps. 2) A bluish hard clay. 3) See seatearth. coal A combustible sedimentary rock, formed from variously altered plant remains. coal balls Calcareous concretions of mineralized plant debris occurring in certain coal seams. competent beds Beds which have physical characteristics such that
34、 they respond to tectonic forces by folding and faulting, rather than by crushing and flowing. (Competent beds are relatively strong and incompetent beds relatively weak.) competent rock, deprecated A strong rock which may not require support in an excavation. conglomerate PUDDING STONE, deprecated
35、A rock consisting of rounded pebbles held together by a natural cement. connate water FOSSIL WATER, deprecated Inherent water contemporary with the rock containing it, as opposed to water subsequently permeating the rock.BS3618-5:1971 BSI 11-1999 3 Term Definition correlation 1) The determination of
36、 the equivalence in stratigraphical position of beds in separated areas. 2) See Planning and surveying section. country rock The rock adjacent to a mineral vein or igneous intrusion. cover The vertical distance between any position in the strata and the surface or any other position used as referenc
37、e. crop 1) See outcrop. 2) See Winning and working section. crop coal Oxidized coal found near the surface. cross bedding FALSE BEDDING Laminations, in a bed of sedimentary rock, which are inclined to the general stratification. cross course A vein or lode which intersects the main productive veins
38、or lodes (sometimes known as cross vein or cross lode). current bedding A particular form of cross bedding formed by water or wind. dicey A term describing a rock which breaks into small pieces resembling dice. dip PITCH, deprecated PLUNGE, deprecated The inclination of strata to the horizontal. (Se
39、e Figure 1 and Figure 2.) Seealso apparent dip and full dip. dirt band BAND, deprecated A layer of rock (e.g.shale or mudstone) in a coal seam. dolerite GREENSTONE, deprecated WHIN WHINSTONE Dark crystalline igneous rock forming intrusions, e.g.dykes and sills. dolomite A mineral composed of calcium
40、 magnesium carbonate or a rock consisting predominantly of that mineral. dome A structure in which the strata dip outwards on all sides. downthrow The amount, measured vertically, of downward displacement of beds caused by a fault. downthrow side The lower side of a fault. drift 1) Superficial depos
41、its such as boulder clay, glacial gravel, alluvium, peat,etc. 2) See Winning and working section. dyke A more or less perpendicular wall-like igneous mass intruded into other rocks. evaporites Rocks, such as anhydrite, rock salt, potash salts, etc. formed by evaporation of lakes or seas. fakes, depr
42、ecated Sandy shale. false bedding See cross bedding. fault A plane of fracture in a rock body along which there has been displacement. (See lag fault, normal fault, reverse fault, step faulting, thrust fault, transcurrent fault and trough fault. fault breccia The shattered rock material along a faul
43、t plane. fault drag Distortion of the bedding which may occur in the vicinity of a fault plane. fault plane Any surface along which strata movement has taken place. (See Figure 2 and Figure 5.) fireclay A seatearth (q.v.) commercially suitable for making refractories. fold A bend in bedded rocks.BS3
44、618-5:1971 4 BSI 11-1999 Term Definition formation A set of lithologically distinctive beds selected as a convenient unit for mapping and description. fossil water See connate water. freestone A uniform, fine-grained sandstone or limestone that can be readily sawn and shaped. full dip TRUE DIP The m
45、aximum angle, measured in a vertical plane, between the plane of a stratum and the horizontal. The vertical section containing the full dip is at right angles to the line of strike. (See Figure 2 and Figure 3.) gangue The material of no apparent value associated with valuable minerals in lodes and v
46、eins. ganister A compact, highly siliceous, sedimentary rock, often containing plant remains. geohydrology The study of hydraulics pertinent to the flow of water and similar liquids through soils and rocks. gossan The weathered upper part of an ore body in which intensive leaching, oxidation and hyd
47、ration have occurred. gouge Finely abraded material, usually clay, associated with a fault. graben See trough fault. greenstone See dolerite. ground water Water which has penetrated from the surface and filled the pores and fissures of the strata up to the water table. ground water hydrology That as
48、pect of hydrology which is concerned with the physical and chemical characters of water and similar liquids found in the ground. hade The angle of inclination of the plane of a fault to the vertical. (See Figure 2.) heave 1) Horizontal displacement of strata measured at right angles to the strike of
49、 a fault. (See Figure 2 and Figure 6.) 2) See Winning and working section. horse(1) A mass of barren rock within an ore body. horse(2) HORSEBACK See roll. horst A block of strata that has been displaced upwards between two fault planes. (See Figure 8.) hydrogeology Essentially the study of geology pertinent to the character of ground water. hydrology The study of the movement of water on and within the earths crust (cf.hydrogeology). igneous rock A rock formed by solidification from a molten state. incompetent bed A bed that is
