1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 3935:1991 Guide to Classification and marking of cattle hides and calfskinsBS3935:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Textiles and Clothing Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the BoardofBSI and comes into effecto
2、n 28February1991 BSI 12-1999 First published October1965 Second edition February1974 Third edition March1981 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference TCM/17 Draft for comment88/35717 DC ISBN 0 580 18925 2 Committees responsible for this British Standard T
3、he preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Textiles and Clothing Standards Policy Committee (TCM/-) to Technical Committee TCM/17, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Clothing Industry Association British Footwear Manufacturers Federation British Leather Confe
4、deration Chief and Assistant Chief Fire Officers Association Consumer Policy Committee of BSI Footwear Distributors Federation Hides and Allied Trades Improvement Society Institute of Trading Standards Administration Ministry of Defence Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute SATRA Footwear
5、 Technology Centre Scottish Hide, Skin and Tallow Markets Limited Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: Association of British Abattoir Owners Ltd. Federation of Fresh Meat Wholesale
6、rs National Federation of Hide and Skin Markets Scottish Hide Inspection and Improvement Federation Skin, Hide and Leather Trades Association Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS3935:1991 BSI 12-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scop
7、e 1 2 Definitions 1 3 Trimming 2 4 Classification by quality 2 5 Classification by green weight 5 6 Marking 5 Appendix A Hide market codes 7 Figure 1 Cattle hide 2 Figure 2 Calfskin 3 Table 1 Positions of classification markings for calfskins otherthanrejectcalfskins 6BS3935:1991 ii BSI 12-1999 Fore
8、word This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Textiles and Clothing Standards Policy Committee, and is a revision of BS3935:1981 which is superseded and withdrawn. The main purpose of this revision is to take account of the near elimination of bovine warble fly (Hypoderma s
9、pecies) throughout the United Kingdom. Arecrudescence of bovine warble fly would have a greater adverse economic impact on the livestock husbandry sector than before, since a more severe evaluation of warble damaged bovine hides and skins will be made. Opportunity is also taken to update the hide ma
10、rket codes in Appendix A. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of page
11、s This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to8 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS3935:1991 BSI 12-1999 1 1
12、 Scope This British Standard provides guidance on the classification and marking of cattle hides and calfskins of UK origin. The hide market codes currently in use are listed in Appendix A. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the following definitions apply. 2.1 brand permanent
13、mark on a hide or skin, generally for identification, made by means of a hot or cooled iron or chemical products 2.2 bull hide hide having full scrotum, belly tuft and head and shoulders characteristics of a bovine male (entire) 2.3 calfskin skin from a bovine animal and weighing less than16kg green
14、 weight NOTE 1Seeclause 5. NOTE 2The various parts of a calfskin are shown in Figure 2. 2.4 casualty calfskin calfskin from an unbled or incompletely bled carcase 2.5 casualty hide cattle hide from an unbled or incompletely bled carcase 2.6 cattle hide outer covering from a bovine animal and weighin
15、g not less than16kg green weight NOTE 1Seeclause 5. NOTE 2The various parts of cattle hide are shown in Figure 1. 2.7 classer person who is competent to classify hides and calfskins NOTESeeclause 5. 2.8 cow hide hide of a female bovine which has the spread, pattern and characteristics of having born
16、e calves 2.9 green weight mass of a cattle hide or calfskin after dissipation of normal body heat; trimmed and defatted as appropriate, with allowances made for moisture, dung and/or other extraneous material and before treatment with sodium chloride or other chemical or natural curative agent or pr
17、ocess NOTESee3.1 and 3.2. 2.10 hairslip putrefaction revealed by a loosening of hair NOTEHairslip is revealed when hair, gripped between thumb and forefinger and pulled gently, slips readily, leaving the epidermis hairless at the point tested. The word “readily” means that the object is not to seeif
18、 the hair can be tugged from the follicles but to ascertain if the hide or skin is putrescent and if the hair is separated or loose at its roots. 2.11 ox/heifer hide any bovine hide, other than2.2, 2.3, 2.8 or2.15, being either female lacking the spread, pattern and characteristics of having borne c
19、alves, or male which is not a bull 2.12 score mark cut produced on the hide or skin by the knife or flaying appliance, cutting into the dermis or skin substance without there being an actual perforation 2.13 slaughtered calfskin calfskin from a bled carcase 2.14 slaughtered hide cattle hide from a b
20、led carcase 2.15 slink skin of an unborn calf 2.16 warble hole perforate damage caused by Hypoderma species 2.17 blind warble imperforate damage caused by Hypoderma species, the aperture not being complete, but the hide substance materially eroded by the grub, which may still be in evidence 2.18 hea
21、led warble trace of damage caused by Hypoderma species, the aperture through which the grub was exuded being closed and the hide substance replaced by scar tissueBS3935:1991 2 BSI 12-1999 3 Trimming 3.1 Cattle hides Before being classified by quality and green weight, foreshanks should be knee-trimm
22、ed, hindshanks trimmed square at the hock, fat removed from rump and brisket, butt fairly shaped, and horns, tailbones and head meat removed. Heads should be trimmed by removing masks (pates), ears and lips, leaving only cheeks. Tails should be trimmed to not more than300mm (seeFigure 1). If the che
23、ek of a hide bears a cut of more than80mm in length, the portion of the cheek beyond the cut should be removed by continuing the cut in both directions. 3.2 Calfskins Before being classified by quality and green weight, shanks should be trimmed short, tailbones should be removed and the skin should
24、be without head, i.e.cut off behind the ears, and without cheeks (seeFigure 2). 4 Classification by quality 4.1 General Cattle hides and calfskins should be classified and stamped by a classer within7 days of their arrival at the hide and skin market. No hide or calfskin should be offered for sale u
25、nless it has been classified and stamped accordingly. Slaughtered and casualty cattle hides and calfskins should be classified in accordance with the recommendations for classification reasonably ascertainable at the time of classifying and given in4.2 and4.3 respectively. Where any one of the indiv
26、idual recommendations for classification does not apply, this should be considered a penalizing fault. The severity, nature and number of the penalizing faults should be taken into account in deciding whether a lower class is appropriate. NOTECertain faults may be hidden by the hair at the time of a
27、ssessment, but are subsequently revealed when the hair is removed in later processing. Such faults are examples of those faults which are not reasonably ascertainable at the time of classifying. Figure 1 Cattle hideBS3935:1991 BSI 12-1999 3 4.2 Cattle hides 4.2.1 Slaughtered hides 4.2.1.1 First clas
28、s A slaughtered hide should be classified first class if the following apply. a) The hide is deemed to be well flayed, with score marks in moderation only and with none beyond the belly area, as indicated in Figure 1. b) The hide is deemed to be of good pattern, i.e.correctly opened. c) The hide is
29、deemed to be of sound grain. d) The hide is free from all other penalizing faults (seenote). NOTEA pattern fault up to80mm in from the natural periphery of the neck, shoulder or belly is not considered a penalizing fault. 4.2.1.2 Second class A slaughtered hide should be classified second class if t
30、he following apply. a) The hide is deemed to be not so well flayed as a first class hide, i.e.it contains a hole or a combination of holes totalling not more than80mm in length in the butt, or more than180mm from the natural periphery of the belly or shoulder, but does not contain deep or excessive
31、scoring in the butt. b) The hide is deemed to be of fair pattern, i.e.reasonably well opened in the body of the hide with reasonably shaped shanks, and does not contain a pattern fault in consequence of excessive udder excision or other fault which extends more than250mm from the natural periphery o
32、f the belly or shoulder. c) The hide is deemed to be of medium grain. d) The hide bears a brand which is wholly within180mm of the periphery of the hide. e) The hide has the tail and/or an area not extending beyond80mm radius from the centre of tail root (seeFigure 1) affected by hairslip; f) The hi
33、de has no more than one warble hole. A hide should not be downgraded from second to third class solely by reason of blind or healed warbles. 4.2.1.3 Third class A slaughtered hide should be classified third class if the following apply. a) The hide is deemed to be badly flayed, i.e.contains deep or
34、excessive scoring or is badly holed. b) The hide is deemed to be of poor pattern, including excessive udder excision or other fault which extends more than250mm from the natural periphery of the belly or shoulder or more than80mm from the natural periphery of the butt. c) The hide is deemed to be of
35、 poor grain. d) The hide bears a brand of which any portion is more than180mm from the periphery of the hide. Figure 2 CalfskinBS3935:1991 4 BSI 12-1999 e) The hide has holes or growths or callouses, or any combination of these, measuring more than80mm in diameter or length and coming wholly in the
36、butt or more than180mm from the natural periphery of the belly or shoulder. f) The hide has up to30% of the area of the hide excluding the area described in4.2.1.2 e) affected by hairslip. g) The hide has two or more warble holes. 4.2.1.4 Reject A slaughtered hide should be classified a reject if le
37、ss than70% of its area is suitable for the economic manufacture of leather. 4.2.2 Casualty hides 4.2.2.1 First class A casualty hide should be classified first class if the following apply. a) The hide is deemed to be well flayed, i.e.doesnot contain a hole or a combination of holes totalling more t
38、han80mm in length in the butt or more than250mm from the natural periphery of the belly or shoulder and does not contain heavy score marks in the butt and where the total degree of damage is not more than300mm in length. b) The hide is deemed to be of good pattern. c) The hide does not have grain da
39、mage affecting more than10% of its total area. d) The hide is free of hairslip. 4.2.2.2 Second class A casualty hide should be classified second class if the following apply. a) The hide is deemed to be not so well flayed as a first class casualty hide. b) The hide is deemed to be of fair pattern. c
40、) The hide has grain damage and/or hairslip affecting not more than30% of its total area. d) The hide has more than one warble hole. 4.2.2.3 Third class All casualty hides that are not in accordance with4.2.2.1 or4.2.2.2 should be classified as third class. 4.2.3 Cut cheeks A hide from which the che
41、ek(s) or a portion of a cheek has been removed in accordance with3.1 should be classified in accordance with4.2.1 or4.2.2 as appropriate. No hide should be downgraded for pattern solely on account of the removal of the cheek(s) or a portion of a cheek. 4.3 Calfskins 4.3.1 Slaughtered calfskins 4.3.1
42、.1 First class A slaughtered calfskin should be classified first class if the following apply. a) The calfskin is free from holes or score marks more than25mm from the edge of the skin and50mm from the edge of the shank. b) The calfskin is deemed to be of good pattern, i.e.correctly opened in the bo
43、dy of the skin and with properly shaped shanks. c) The calfskin is deemed to be of sound grain. 4.3.1.2 Second class A slaughtered calfskin should be classified second class if the following apply. a) The calfskin has not more than four holes, totalling not more than50mm in length, beyond25mm from t
44、he edge of the skin, of which not more than two are in the butt. b) The calfskin shows not more than slight score marking. c) The calfskin is deemed to be of fair pattern. d) The calfskin is deemed to be of medium grain. 4.3.1.3 Third class A slaughtered calfskin should be classified third class if
45、the following apply. a) The calfskin has more than four holes beyond25mm from the edge of the skin. b) The calfskin is deemed to be badly score marked. c) The calfskin is deemed to be of poor pattern. d) The calfskin is deemed to be of poor grain. e) The calfskin has any part of the skin affected by
46、 hairslip. f) The calfskin has warble damage. 4.3.1.4 Reject A slaughtered calfskin should be classified a reject if less than50% of its area is suitable for the economic manufacture of leather. 4.3.2 Casualty calfskins 4.3.2.1 First class A casualty calfskin should be classified first class if the
47、following apply. a) The calfskin is free from holes more than50mm from the edge of the skin. b) The calfskin has slight score marking. c) The calfskin is deemed to be of fair pattern. d) The calfskin is deemed to be of sound grain.BS3935:1991 BSI 12-1999 5 4.3.2.2 Second class A casualty calfskin sh
48、ould be classified second class if the following apply. a) The calfskin is not so well flayed as a first class casualty calfskin, i.e.it has holes beyond50mm from the edge of the skin but not totalling more than180mm in length. b) The calfskin has a poorer pattern than a first class casualty calfski
49、n. c) The calfskin has up to10% of the total area affected by grain damage and/or hairslip. 4.3.2.3 Third class All casualty calfskins that are not in accordance with4.3.2.1 or4.3.2.2, including those with warble damage, should be classified third class. 4.3.3 Slink calfskins The skin of an unborn calf should be classified slink calfskin. 5 Classification by green weight After being trimmed in accordance with clause3 and being classified by quality in accordance with clause4, the cattle hide or calfskin should be weighed. All weighing should be carried out at the
