1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 4078-1: 1987 Incorporating Amendment No.1 Powder actuated fixing systems Part 1: Code of practice for safe use ICS 25.140.01BS4078-1:1987 This British Standard, having beenprepared under the directionof the Machine, Engineers and Hand Tools Standards Committee, was published unde
2、r the authority ofthe Board of BSI and comes intoeffect on 31December1997 BSI 04-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference MTE/21 Draft for comment 87/74288 DC ISBN 0 580 16278 8 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this
3、 British Standard was entrusted by the Machine, Engineers and Hand Tools Standards Committee (MTE/-) to Technical Committee MTE/21 upon which the following bodies were represented: British Hardware Federation Building Employers Confederation Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales Federatio
4、n of British Hand Tool Manufacturers Federation of Master Builders Gun Trade Association Ltd. Health and Safety Executive Hire Association Europe Joint Industry Board for the Electrical Contracting Industry The Worshipful Company of Gun Makers Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of iss
5、ue Comments 9899 April 1998 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS4078-1:1987 BSI 04-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 Suitable base materials 2 4 Unsuitable base materials 3 5 Major hazards and precautions 3 6 Cartridge safety 4
6、7 Cleaning and maintenance of tools 5 8 Storage of tools 5 9 Training and selection of instructors and operatives 5 10 Personal protection 6 11 General safety precautions 6 Appendix A Simple test to determine suitability of a base material to accept fixings 7 Figure 1 Indirect acting tool 1 Figure 2
7、 Direct acting tool 1 Figure 3 Example of attachment 1 Figure 4 Threaded studs 2 Figure 5 Eyelet nails 2 Figure 6 Cartridges 2 Figure 7 Section through base material 3 Figure 8 Simple test equipment 7 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS4078-1:1987 ii BSI 04-1999 Foreword This Part of BS4078
8、 has been prepared under the direction of the Machine, Engineers and Hand Tools Standards Committee. It applies to cartridge-operated fixing tools used mainly in the building industry, and is intended for use by designers, manufacturers, importers, suppliers, operatives and for personnel engaged in
9、training operatives in the use of these tools. Powder actuated fixing systems are widely used as a fast and effective means of making fixings into various construction materials. This code of practice is based on a proposal submitted by the Health and Safety Executive and forms Part1 of a standard c
10、overing such systems. BS4078 comprises the following Parts: Part 1: Code of practice for safe use; Part 2: Specification for tools*. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Co
11、mpliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to8, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may ha
12、ve had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS4078-1:1987 BSI 04-1999 1 1 Scope This Part of BS4078 gives guidance on the safe use of powder actuated fixing systems. It also gives guidance concerning proper storage of tools and cartridges.
13、NOTE 1Other powder actuated tools, e.g.humane killers, marking tools and electric cable spiking tools may require special consideration and are therefore outside the scope of this Part of BS4078. NOTE 3The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2
14、 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS4078 the following definitions apply. 2.1 powder actuated fixing systems a system comprising a powder actuated tool, a cartridge (power load) and a fastener 2.2 indirect acting tool a tool in which the energy produced by the cartridge is transmitted to
15、 the fastener by means of an intervening piston which is retained in the tool. The propelled mass in this case is the combination of the fastener and the piston (seeFigure 1) 2.3 direct acting tool a tool in which the energy produced by the cartridge acts directly on the fastener. The propelled mass
16、 in this case is the fastener (seeFigure 2) NOTEGreat care should be taken when using this type of tool. 2.4 fastener a fixing device, which may be a nail, a threaded stud, an eyelet or similar object, that is driven into the base material NOTEFasteners normally incorporate washers of plastics or st
17、eel to act as a guide during the fixing operation. 2.5 nail a fastener designed to attach one material to another such as wood to concrete or steel (seeFigure 3) 2.6 threaded stud a fastener consisting of a shank portion which is driven into the base material, and a threaded portion which will accep
18、t a nut (seeFigure 4) 2.7 eyelet nail a fastener with a hole through which a wire can be passed for fixing ceiling hangers, light fixings, etc. (seeFigure 5) Figure 1 Indirect acting tool Figure 2 Direct acting tool Figure 3 Example of attachmentBS4078-1:1987 2 BSI 04-1999 2.8 cartridge or power loa
19、d a device which produces the energy to drive the fastener (seeFigure 6) NOTEThere are various types of cartridges currently available. Cartridges can be supplied as single shots or jointly in a magazine or strip. 2.9 cartridge misfire the failure of a cartridge to ignite when the tool is operated 2
20、.10 base material the material into which the fastener shank is driven and from which the holding power is obtained 2.11 pull out test a test carried out by the tool maker to determine the security of the fixing 3 Suitable base materials 3.1 General Certain types of base materials, such as concrete,
21、 masonry and steel, when pierced by the fixing, expand and/or compress; they possess sufficient hardness and thickness to produce holding power and do not allow the fixing to pass through. Figure 7 shows a section through base material. 3.2 Holding power The holding power of a fastener results prima
22、rily from the compressive forces within the concrete or masonry acting on the fastener shank. On penetration the fastener displaces the masonry, which tries to return to its original form and thereby exerts a compressive effect. This holding power is affected by the depth of penetration, the compres
23、sive strength of the base material, the size of aggregate in the base material, the diameter of the fastener shank and the spacing of fasteners. Figure 4 Threaded studs Figure 5 Eyelet nails Figure 6 CartridgesBS4078-1:1987 BSI 04-1999 3 3.3 Concrete and masonry The most favourable depth of penetrat
24、ion of fasteners into concrete ranges between22mm and32mm. Into masonry, the necessary penetration will be about50mm. The correct combination of cartridge strength and fastener can usually be obtained by actual tests on the job but if any doubt remains expert advice should be obtained from the manuf
25、acturer. Concrete with a compressive strength of less than10N/mm 2is only suitable for light duty fasteners. Concrete with a compressive strength of60N/mm 2or greater is unsuitable for powder actuated systems. A simple test to decide if the base material is suitable is given in Appendix A. 3.4 Steel
26、 Most fasteners driven into steel as a base material are driven into structural steel, which may usually be found in the form of beams, angle iron, channel, plate and strip. If any difficulties are found when fixing into these materials or other metals the supplier of the tool should be contacted fo
27、r advice. As the fastener is driven into steel there is a deformation of the steel displaced by the point of the fastener. Because of the elasticity of steel it grips the shank of the fastener immediately after the driving process. The holding power is directly affected by the total contact area bet
28、ween the shank of the fastener and the steel. It follows that an increase in the diameter of the fastener or the depth of penetration will increase holding power. 3.5 Pull out test The holding power of any fixing can be tested by a device which applies a specified tensile load. For details of accept
29、able performances for any particular application, the supplier should be contacted. 4 Unsuitable base materials 4.1 Hard or brittle materials such as cast iron, hardened steel, marble, glazed tiles, glass, slate, natural rock are unsuitable base materials. 4.2 Soft materials such as plaster board, p
30、lywood, hardboard, aerated concrete blocks and insulation material are also unsuitable as base materials. 5 Major hazards and precautions 5.1 Flying splinters Attempts to fix into hard or brittle materials (seeclause4) can give rise to flying splinters. It is important therefore that operators are t
31、rained to recognize unsuitable base materials and that tools are used with splinter guards whenever possible. Suitable eye protection should always be worn (see10.2). 5.2 Over penetration Fasteners may fail to be retained by and pass straight through soft materials such as plaster, plywood, hardboar
32、d, aerated concrete blocks and insulation material. It should be noted that the potential hazard is greater when using direct acting tools, due to the higher muzzle velocities normally achieved. It is important that investigation of the base material takes place prior to fixing. Wherever the slighte
33、st doubt exists that the fixing will be retained by the base material, all personnel have to be cleared from the danger area whilst fixing is carried out (see3.2). 5.3 Insecure fixing Insecure fixing may occur for a number of reasons, the main ones being: a) the application of fasteners too close to
34、 the edge of the base material: minimum distances from unsupported edges are75mm for concrete and masonry and12mm for steel; b) the application of fasteners too close together: the recommended minimum distance between fasteners are75mm for concrete and masonry and25mm for steel; c) the driving of fa
35、steners into holes resulting from earlier attempts to make a fixing: the results will be unacceptable and fasteners should not be applied in this way; d) thin base materials: the minimum thickness for concrete and masonry should be not less than three times the intended fastener penetration; the min
36、imum thickness for steel should be not less than3mm or as recommended by the tool maker; Figure 7 Section through base materialBS4078-1:1987 4 BSI 04-1999 e) fasteners driven into mortar joints: fixing into mortar joints is likely to produce unsatisfactory results and is not generally recommended; w
37、here it is proposed however, bed joints only should be used and sample pull out tests should be carried out. 5.4 Ricochets Fasteners can be deflected by hard spots in a base material, e.g.stone aggregates or steel reinforcing bars. The risk of injury from this type of ricochet can be minimized by th
38、e use of the manufacturers approved splinter guard. Ricochets can also occur from the surface of the base material. For this reason, it is important that the tool is perpendicular not only to the surface of the material being fixed, but also to the surface of the base material. Powder actuated fixin
39、g tools are therefore unsuitable where the upper and lower surfaces of the material being fixed are not parallel. 5.5 Ignition of flammable materials and vapours The operation of powder actuated tools represents a potential source of ignition and they should not be used where a fire or explosion ris
40、k exists. 5.6 Use of incompatible cartridges and fixings Only items made to meet the manufacturers specification and designed for use with a given tool should be used. 5.7 Cartridge misfire It is possible for delayed ignition to occur during a short period following a misfire. For this reason, it is
41、 important that the misfire procedure, as outlined in6.2, is followed. 5.8 Accidental or intentional misuse of cartridges The recommended procedures for the safe use, storage and handling of cartridges should always be followed. Horseplay or irresponsible behaviour is to be strictly forbidden and it
42、s associated dangers should be stressed during operator training. 5.9 Liability of fixings penetrating electrical cables or service pipes set into base materials Investigation to determine the location of any cables or pipes should be undertaken prior to fixing. 5.10 Unauthorized modifications Modif
43、ications carried out on powder actuated tools are likely to be dangerous and should not be undertaken. 5.11 Contact pressure/recoil The applied force required to operate a powder actuated tool and the recoil on firing may cause a hazard where the operator lacks a firm foothold or is off balance. The
44、 potential danger is increased where the operator is working at height; special care should be taken, for example, when working from small base dimension access towers. The use of powder actuated tools from ladders is not recommended. 6 Cartridge safety 6.1 Handling Force should never be used when h
45、andling cartridges, either when loading or unloading the tool. 6.2 Misfire 6.2.1 In the event of a cartridge misfire, the operator should hold the tool firmly against the work surface for a period of30s then follow the explicit procedures given during training and the instructions issued by the manu
46、facturers. 6.2.2 Misfired cartridges should never be loaded into the tool again, but should be stored in a metal box kept separate from other unused cartridges and subsequently be returned to the supplier for disposal. Disposal on site by any means is to be avoided. 6.3 Storage All cartridges should
47、 be stored in the carton provided by the manufacturer and be kept in a neat and tidy arrangement. A metal/plastics box should be used to keep only sufficient stock for immediate use. The supply of cartridges should be kept in a metal cabinet or dry cool room which is kept locked with restricted acce
48、ss to personnel. 6.4 Issue of cartridges The issue of cartridges should be under the control of a nominated person, who should keep records of cartridges issued and returned, including returned misfires which should be denoted as such. The quantity of cartridges stored in one place should be as low
49、as possible (seenote1). NOTE 1The maximum quantity of cartridges that can be stored in any one place without a licence is22000 cartridges containing not more than5kg of explosives in total. Quantities in excess of this level have to be kept in a licensed store or registered premises. NOTE 2If cartridges are offered for sale then the premises have to be licensed by the local authority.BS4078-1:1987 BSI 04-1999 5 7 Cleaning and maintenance of tools 7.1 It is important for the safe operation of any tool that it is properly cleaned and maintai
