1、BRITISH STANDARD BS4407:1988 Incorporating Amendments No.1 andNo. 2 Methods for Quantitative analysis of fibre mixtures ICS59.060.01BS4407:1988 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Textiles and Clothing Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the B
2、oard of BSI on 29 July 1988 and comes into effect on 1 September 1988 BSI 03-1999 First published January 1969 First revision November 1975 Second revision July 1988 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference TCM/26 Draft for comment: Special Announcement i
3、n BSI News, February 1988 ISBN 0 580 16812 3 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Textiles and Clothing Standards Committee (TCM/-) to Technical Committee TCM/26, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Carpe
4、t Manufacturers Association Ltd. Coopted members Department of Trade and Industry (Laboratory of the Government Chemist) International Wool Secretariat Man-made Fibres Producers Committee Ministry of Defence Textile Research Council Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
5、 6297 September 1990 9438 May 1997 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS4407:1988 BSI 03-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Section 1. General 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 Section 2. Information common to the methods given for the quantitative analysis of fibre
6、 mixtures 3 Apparatus 2 4 Reagents 2 5 Conditioning and testing atmosphere 2 6 Sample 2 7 Pretreatment of sample 2 8 Test procedure 2 9 Calculation and expression of results 3 10 Report 6 Section 3. Method of quantitative analysis by manual separation 11 General 7 12 Principle 7 13 Apparatus and rea
7、gents 7 14 Test procedure 7 15 Calculation and expression of results 7 Section 4. Methods of quantitative analysis by chemical procedures 16 Precision of the methods 8 17 Method 1. Binary mixtures of acetate and certain other fibres (method using acetone) 8 18 Method 2. Binary mixtures of certain pr
8、otein fibres (wool, animal hair, silk or protein) and certain other fibres (method using hypochlorite) 9 19 Method 3. Binary mixtures of viscose, cupro or certain types of modal and cotton (method using formic acid and zinc chloride) 10 20 Method 4. Binary mixtures of polyamide 6 or polyamide 6.6 an
9、d certain other fibres (method using formic acid80%m/m) 11 21 Method 5. Binary mixtures of acetate and triacetate (method using benzyl alcohol) 11 22 Method 6. Binary mixtures of triacetate and certain other fibres (method using dichloromethane) 12 23 Method 7. Binary mixtures of certain cellulose f
10、ibres and polyester (method using sulphuric acid75%m/m) 13 24 Method 8. Binary mixtures of acrylics, certain modacrylics or certain chlorofibres and certain other fibres (method using dimethylformamide) 13 25 Method 9. Binary mixtures of certain chlorofibres and certain other fibres (method using ca
11、rbon disulphide/acetone55.5/44.5) 14 26 Method 10. Binary mixtures of acetate and certain chlorofibres (method using glacial acetic acid) 15 27 Method 11. Binary mixtures of silk and wool or hair (method using sulphuric acid75%m/m) 15 28 Method 12. Deleted 16BS4407:1988 ii BSI 03-1999 Page 29 Method
12、 13. Binary mixtures of jute and certain animal fibres (method of determining the nitrogen content) 16 30 Method 14. Binary mixtures of flax and viscose (method using sulphuric acid) 18 31 Method 15. Binary mixtures of polypropylene and certain other fibres (method using xylene) 19 32 Method 16. Bin
13、ary mixtures of chlorofibres (homopolymers of vinyl chloride) and certain other fibres (method using concentrated sulphuric acid) 20 33 Method 17. Binary mixtures of asbestos and certain fibres (method based on heating to450 C) 20 34 Method 18. Binary mixtures of chlorofibres, certain modacrylics, c
14、ertain elastanes, acetates, triacetates and certain other fibres (method using cyclohexanone) 21 Appendix A Procedures to be adopted for ternary fibre mixtures 26 Appendix B Agreed allowances for moisture and other matter to be used in connection with the analysis of fibre mixtures as given in Annex
15、 II of the EEC Directive on textile descriptions, 71/307/EEC, as amended by Directive 83/623/EEC 26 Figure 1 Hot extraction apparatus 22 Table 1 Precision of methods for ternary mixtures 8 Table 2 Procedures to be used for quantitative chemical analysis of ternary fibre mixtures 24 Publications refe
16、rred to Inside back coverBS4407:1988 BSI 03-1999 iii Foreword This revision of this British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Textiles and Clothing Standards Committee. It is anticipated that a revision of the present UK regulations concerning the determination of the composition
17、 of certain textile products will be made to bring them into line with Directive87/184/EEC amending Directive72/276/EEC. Until that occurs, the Textile Products (Determination of Composition) Regulations1976(SI202/1976) as amended by SI767/1982apply, when establishing and testing fibre percentages o
18、f certain textile products. These regulations refer to BS4407:1975, which will be withdrawn and superseded by this standard on 1 September 1988 when the expected changes to the regulations come into operation. The principal changes that have been made in this revision in the light of experience gain
19、ed by national laboratories and the results of inter-laboratory trials carried out under the auspices of the EEC are as follows: a) Method2 has been redrafted to incorporate the use of a stable and easily prepared additional reagent; b) certain points in Method 8 have been amended to simplify the te
20、st procedures and ensure uniform results; c) Method12 has been deleted because it has proved to be insufficiently accurate; d) a new Method18has been introduced which utilizes cyclohexanone. Whenever possible, the fibre components of the textile being analysed should be separated manually: for examp
21、le, fabric in which the fibre in the warp is different from that in the weft, or yarn consisting of elements which are composed of fibres differing in type. When the different fibres form an intimate mixture, one of the methods based on the selective solution of the individual components (method13is
22、 an exception) should be used. Semi-manufactured textiles and, to a lesser extent, finished textiles, may contain fats, waxes or dressings, either occurring naturally or added to facilitate processing. Salts and other water-soluble matter may also be present. Some or all of these substances would be
23、 removed during analysis by a chemical method and hence would be included in the soluble fibre component. Non-fibrous matter of this type should therefore be removed before analysis and an appropriate method of pretreatment for this purpose is given. In addition, textiles may contain resins or other
24、 matter added to bond the fibres together or to confer special properties, such as water-repellency or crease-resistance. Such matter, including dyestuffs in exceptional cases, may interfere with the action of the reagent on the soluble component and/or it may be partially or completely removed by t
25、he reagent. This type of added matter is also removed before the sample is analysed 1) . Dye in dyed fibres is considered to be an integral part of the fibre and is not removed. Most textile fibres contain water, the amount depending on the type of fibre and on the relative humidity of the surroundi
26、ng air. Analyses are conducted on the basis of dry mass, and a procedure for determining the dry mass of test specimens and residues is given. The result is therefore obtained on the basis of clean dry fibres. Provision is also made for recalculating the result after applying: a) agreed allowances f
27、or moisture and other matter (see Appendix B), and also b) allowances, where appropriate, for non-fibrous matter removed in pretreatment. For many fibres b) can usually be disregarded in calculation. 1) Recommended procedures for removal of non-fibrous matter are given in ISO/TR5090.BS4407:1988 iv B
28、SI 03-1999 In some methods the insoluble component or components of a mixture may be partially dissolved in the reagent used to dissolve the soluble component. Where possible, reagents have been chosen that have little or no effect on the insoluble fibres. If loss in mass is known to occur during th
29、e analysis, it shall be allowed for and correction factors for this purpose are given. These correction factors have been determined in several laboratories by treating in the appropriate reagent, as specified in the method of analysis, fibres cleaned by the pretreatment. These correction factors ap
30、ply only to undegraded fibres; different correction factors may be necessary if the fibres have been degraded during processing. The Directive73/44/EEC, relating to the quantitative analysis of ternary fibre mixtures allows a choice of methods based on procedures for binary mixtures. The analyst is
31、allowed to choose the variants used for analysis of any ternary fibre mixture, but trials have shown that this is not entirely satisfactory. The UK committee is of the opinion that it is preferable to limit the choice of variants to those listed in Annex3 of73/44/EEC, and these are given in Table 2
32、of this standard. Appendix A details procedures to be adopted for ternary fibre mixtures, and refers to Table 2. Parts of this standard include references, directly or indirectly, to the handling of asbestos materials. Although the most hazardous types of this fibre (crocidolite) have for some time
33、been very carefully controlled, the potential dangers of asbestos cannot be too strongly emphasized. Any person intending to use any of the asbestos, involving parts of this standard listed below, should follow the approved working practices with respect to asbestos as laid down by the Health and Sa
34、fety Executive. Details of relevant publications may be obtained from the Health and Safety Executives Library and Information Services at: St Hughs House Stanley Precinct Trinity Road Bootle Merseyside L203QY The following clauses give references, directly or indirectly, to asbestos sheet: 17.3.2.1
35、 and25.3.2.1 (cross-reference to BS509-1) 22.3.2.1 (cross-reference to BS1994)29.3.2.1 Clause33 and Appendix B give references, directly or indirectly, to asbestos fibre. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are respons
36、ible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages1 to26, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been u
37、pdated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS4407:1988 BSI 03-1999 1 Section 1. General 1 Scope This British Standard describes methods for the quantitative analysis of textile fibre mixtures after ide
38、ntification of the fibre components of the mixture, including the composition of the individual yarns. Any non-fibrous matter is removed by a suitable pretreatment. If the fibre components do not form an intimate mixture and can be readily separated by hand, the analysis is carried out by the proced
39、ure given in section 3. If part or the whole of the textile consists of an intimate mixture of two fibre types (binary mixture) one of the components is removed using a suitable method 2)following the appropriate procedure given in section 4, and the proportion of this component is calculated from t
40、he loss in mass. Wherever possible it is preferable to remove the fibre present in greater proportion, thus obtaining the fibre present in the smaller proportion as residue. If part or the whole of the textile consists of an intimate mixture of three fibre types (ternary mixture) the above process i
41、s repeated using a second reagent. Suitable methods for the analysis of specific ternary mixtures are given in Appendix A. NOTE 1To obtain a reliable result, at least two determination should be made, either by manual separation or by chemical separation, if the results of duplicate tests differ by
42、more than2%, two repeat determinations should be made. NOTE 2The titles of the publications referred to in this stand are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the definition given in BS4815apply. 2) Method13 is an exception. It is based on a deter
43、mination of the content of a constituent element of one of the two componentBS4407:1988 2 BSI 03-1999 Section 2. Information common to the methods given for the quantitative analysis of fibre mixtures 3 Apparatus 3.1 Glass-filter crucibles, with sealed-in sintered disc filters of porosity grade P160
44、complying with BS1752and provided with either ground-glass stoppers or watch glass covers. 3.2 Soxhlet extractor, complying with BS2071. 3.3 Weighing bottles. 3.4 Ventilated oven for drying specimens at105 3 C. 3.5 Desiccator containing self-indicating silica gel. 3.6 Analytical balance, accurate to
45、 0.0002g. 3.7 Vacuum flask. 3.8 Additional apparatus as specified in the appropriate clauses of this standard. 4 Reagents 4.1 Light petroleum, redistilled, boiling range40 C to60 C. 4.2 Water complying with grade3of BS3978. 4.3 Other reagents as specified in the appropriate clauses of this standard.
46、 5 Conditioning and testing atmosphere Dry masses are determined and therefore it is unnecessary to condition the specimen. The analysis is carried out under ordinary room conditions. 6 Sample Take a sample that is representative of the bulk and sufficient to provide all the specimens, each of at le
47、ast1g, that are required. Follow the sampling procedure as described in BS4658. 7 Pretreatment of sample Extract the air-dry sample in a soxhlet apparatus(3.2) with light petroleum for1h at a minimum rate of6cycles/hour. Allow the light petroleum(4.1) to evaporate from the sample. Then extract it by
48、 immersing the sample in water at room temperature for1h and then immersing it in water at65 5 C for a further hour, agitating the liquor from time to time. Use a liquor to sample ratio of100:1. Where non-fibrous matter, e.g.size or special finish, cannot be extracted with light petroleum and water,
49、 remove it by substituting for the water treatment described above, a suitable method that does not substantially alter any of the fibre constituents. However, for some unbleached, natural vegetable fibres (e.g.jute, coir) note that normal pretreatment with light petroleum and water does not remove all the natural non-fibrous substances. Do not apply additional pretreatment unless the sample does contain finishes insoluble in both light petroleum and water. Include full details of the methods of pretreatment used in the analysis report. 8 Test procedure 8.1 Ge
