1、BRITISH STANDARD BS4467:1991 Guide to Dimensions in designing for elderly peopleBS4467:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Personal Safety Equipment Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the BoardofBSI and comes intoeffecton 31 January
2、1991 BSI 04-1999 First published April1969 Second edition January1991 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PSM/39 Draft for comment89/36575 DC ISBN 0 580 19026 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard
3、 was entrusted by the Personal Safety Equipment Standards Policy Committee (PSM/-) to Technical Committee PSM/39, upon which the following bodies were represented: AFRC Institute of Engineering Research British Airways British Industrial Truck Association British Occupational Hygiene Society British
4、 Telecommunications plc Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers EEA (the Electronics and Business Equipment Association) Engineering Employers Federation Ergonomics Society Furniture Industry Research Association Health and Safety Executive ICE (Ergonomics) Ltd. Institute of Management
5、Services Institute of Occupational Medicine Loughborough University of Technology Ministry of Defence National Union of Mineworkers Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Limited Society of Occupational Medicine Trades Union Congress Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS 4
6、467:1991 BSI 04-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Characteristics of ageing 1 3 Designing for elderly people 1 Appendix A Index of anthropometric dimensions 11 Appendix B Index of applications 13 Appendix C Bibliography 14 Figure 1 Anthropometric
7、data: group one 3 Figure 2 Anthropometric data: group two 4 Figure 3 Anthropometric data: group three 5 Figure 4 Anthropometric data: group four 6 Figure 5 Anthropometric data: group five 7 Figure 6 Anthropometric data: group six 8 Figure 7 Anthropometric data: group seven 9 Figure 8 Anthropometric
8、data: group eight 10 Table 1 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group one 3 Table 2 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group two 4 Table 3 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group three 5 Table 4 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: g
9、roup four 6 Table 5 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group five 7 Table 6 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group six 8 Table 7 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group seven 9 Table 8 Miscellaneous examples of application 10 Publication(s) refer
10、red to Inside back coverBS4467:1991 ii BSI 04-1999 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Personal Safety Equipment Standards Policy Committee. It supersedes BS4467:1969 which is withdrawn. This revision provides information on a more comprehensive and realistic
11、range of applications than the previous edition and is based on new data. To facilitate the use of this standard, indexes of anthropometric dimensions and their applications are given in Appendix A and Appendix B respectively. The sources of the data on which this standard is based are given in Appe
12、ndix C. The standard has been prepared for the guidance of those responsible for the design of equipment and buildings for elderly people. The method of presentation has been developed in consultation with a reference group of actual and potential users. Due to a lack of suitable data, guidance on h
13、and function and the forces that elderly people are able to exert could not be included. For information on architectural provisions that should be made when providing housing for disabled people, reference should be made to BS5619. BS5810 provides a code of practice for access for disabled people t
14、o buildings and BS5588-8 provides a code of practice for means of escape for disabled people from buildings. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British
15、Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to14, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorpo
16、rated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.BS4467:1991 BSI 04-1999 1 1 Scope This British Standard provides guidance relevant to the design of equipment and buildings for elderly people. Guidance is given in terms of anthropometric dimensions and by giving examples
17、 of applications of this data for particular types of facility. The standard does not cover design for seriously disabled and non-ambulant elderly people. The guidance is based upon the dimensional requirements of elderly women but the guidance will also prove suitable for the majority of elderly me
18、n. The dimensions given include an allowance for clothing and low heeled shoes. Due to lack of suitable data, no guidance is given on hand function and forces that elderly people might be able to exert. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cov
19、er. 2 Characteristics of ageing The body and its various systems show changes with age. Physiologically, the net result of these changes is that the systems and processes work less effectively in old age than in youth. Some of the physical changes are obvious, e.g.body weight may alter and changes i
20、n the skeletal system may reduce height. With varying frequency and to a varying extent, the normal effects of old age can be accompanied by certain illnesses and infirmities. The most common type of disorder is rheumatism: strength and dexterity in all kinds of physical activities can be cut down a
21、s a result of arthritic symptoms in the hands and feet. The implications of these changes for the design of the domestic environment are considerable. The needs and capabilities of elderly people have to be considered when specifying work surface heights, the situation of cupboards and windows and t
22、he forces required to operate door handles and window latches. Some elderly people, for example, might need to sit whilst carrying out activities customarily undertaken standing up, such as ironing or preparing food. Reduced elasticity in almost all tissues of the body may result in varying degrees
23、of restriction of movement in the legs and arms. Walking and climbing become harder, especially with arthritis of the knees and hips. Movement of the back may be inhibited by arthritis of the spine. Very often, particularly in women, there is emphasized curvature of the upper back. Problems of maint
24、aining balance become increasingly common due to the incidence of underlying medical conditions, and there is a greater prevalence of deafness due to causes other than wax in the ear. Eyesight deteriorates with age. Long-sightedness starts by the mid-forties and continues into old age. The lens beco
25、mes increasingly opaque and less elastic. The pupillary reflex becomes shower and the diameter of the pupil decreases. Recovery from glare takes longer. There are also deteriorations in dark adaptation and colour vision. As a result, elderly people require a high level of well-directed illumination
26、which can be over three times that required by a twenty year old. It is important, with such high levels of illumination, to avoid glare in the visual environment which may obscure important features and distract the person. Some elderly people may also undergo a slowing down of their ability to pro
27、cess information: this is due to physiological changes in sensory capacity. Yet for many individuals, despite limitations in joint mobility and muscle power, their motor skills remain relatively unimpaired and may be more reliable than those of younger people. It is important to remember that there
28、is very great individual variability in the capacities of elderly people, and some may have greatly reduced mental functions leading to quite severe and debilitating loss of memory. This means that it is important to design for the proportion of the population which is more disadvantaged. This may m
29、ean that it is necessary to augment the intensity of any stimulus. e.g.emphasizing the nosings of stairs with good lighting and/or contrast. 3 Designing for elderly people 3.1 Information presented 3.1.1 General The information contained in this standard is presented as follows: a) anthropometric di
30、mensions (seeFigure 1 toFigure 8); b) examples of applications (seeTable 1 toTable 8). When using this standard, a design problem can be approached in any one of the following three ways: 1) by application (see3.2); 2) if a designer knows which anthropometric dimension is important, e.g.maximum upwa
31、rd grasp then, by using the index in Appendix A, it is possible to go straight to the figure(s) illustrating that dimension (see3.1.2);BS4467:1991 2 BSI 04-1999 3) if a designer is seeking advice on an application, e.g.maximum shelf heights for storage then, by using the index in Appendix B, it is p
32、ossible to go straight to the table(s) giving examples of the different applications of the anthropometric dimensions (see3.1.3). NOTESome anthropometric dimensions may be relevant to more than one application: hence it has been necessary to repeat some diagrams within the figures. For ease of cross
33、-reference, each diagram has been given a designation (from001 to025) and these designations are used in Appendix A and Appendix B. 3.1.2 Anthropometric dimensions Each anthropometric dimension (illustrated in diagrams001 to025) is accompanied by three different values, which are: a) the fifth perce
34、ntile(5 percentile) which relates to the smallest or weakest5% of the population; b) the mean, which is a notional value which relates to the average size or strength of the population and rarely has a practical application; c) the ninety fifth percentile(95 percentile) which relates to the largest
35、or strongest of the population. For some dimensions or applications it will be the fifth percentile value which determines design, e.g.shelf height, since it is clearly important that all small people should be able to reach the shelf. For other applications, such as knee clearance between a chair a
36、nd a table, it will be the ninety fifth percentile value which is critical since there has to be room for larger people to get their legs under the table. There are very few, if any, instances where the mean value should be applied, but the data is included for the sake of completeness. Designing fo
37、r the mean or average user will only result in large sections of the population being excluded from using equipment and buildings. To help in the use of these different dimensions, wherever appropriate the critical value has been given in bold below the diagram. Appendix A gives an index of the anth
38、ropometric dimensions covered. 3.1.3 Examples of applications of anthropometric dimensions Examples of different applications of the various anthropometric dimensions are shown in Table 1 toTable 8 beneath the figures. The applications given are examples to indicate ways in which the data could be u
39、sed: they are not intended to be an exclusive or comprehensive list of all possible applications. Appendix B gives an index of the applications covered. 3.2 Functional grouping of applications To facilitate the design process, the examples of applications have been grouped according to activities to
40、 which they relate. Examples include: a) kitchens; b) storage; c) living and dining rooms; d) doors and windows; e) bathrooms. Such groupings should not be considered as exclusive, since many of the applications, e.g.storage, could be considered as appropriate for all the rooms of a dwelling. Howeve
41、r, the groupings have been used to assist the architect or designer who wishes to design a particular facility.BS4467:1991 BSI 04-1999 3 Table 1 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group one (seeFigure 1) Figure 1 Anthropometric data: group one (seeTable 1) Application Dimensions mm
42、Work surface: height depth 800 to900 600 Sink bowl height Clearance behind taps 690 40 min. Electrical sockets: above work surfaces above floor 150 to290 1040 Controls/light switches 800 to1200 NOTEA typical use of such data would be in the design of kitchens.BS4467:1991 4 BSI 04-1999 Table 2 Exampl
43、es of the application of anthropometric data: group two (seeFigure 2) Figure 2 Anthropometric data: group two (seeTable 2) Application Dimensions mm Shelving above work surface: two-handed access single-handed access 1350 from floor max. 1400 from floor max. Highest shelf for: two-handed access sing
44、le-handed access 1400 from floor 1450 from floor Lowest, narrow shelf 300 from floor Height of shelf on to which all can see 1330 from floor Height of shelf in floor units 500 from floor min. Floor units: handle heights drawer handle heights 650 to900 300min. NOTEA typical use of such data would be
45、in the design and placement of storage areas.BS4467:1991 BSI 04-1999 5 Table 3 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group three (seeFigure 3) Figure 3 Anthropometric data: group three (seeTable 3) Application Dimensions mm Seat height 430 Seat depth 435 Armrest height above seat 150 t
46、o200 Centre of headrest above seat 610 to810 NOTEA typical use of such data would be in the design of living and dining areas.BS4467:1991 6 BSI 04-1999 Table 4 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group four (seeFigure 4) Figure 4 Anthropometric data: group four (seeTable 4) Applicati
47、on Dimensions mm Table top height 700 Vertical clearance between seat and near edge of the table 220 min. Height beneath table to allow knee clearance 610 min. NOTEA typical use of such data would be in the design of living and dining areas.BS4467:1991 BSI 04-1999 7 Table 5 Examples of the applicati
48、on of anthropometric data: group five(seeFigure 5) Figure 5 Anthropometric data: group five (see Table 5) Application Dimensions mm Door bolt: upper lower 1600 from floor max. 300 from floor min. Threshold 0 Height of cylinder lock (Turning strength for rectangular knob) 1000 to1350 (0.4 Nm max.) Pe
49、ephole 1300 Height of door handles 900 to1000 Clearance between handle and door (Turning strength for handle) 40 min. (5.4 Nm max.) NOTEA typical use of such data would be in the design of doors.BS4467:1991 8 BSI 04-1999 Table 6 Examples of the application of anthropometric data: group six (see Figure 6) Figure 6 Anthropometric data: group six (see Table 6) Application Dimensions mm Window latch/lock heights: obstructed by sink unit or similar 1300 max. unobstructed access 600 to1600 Sill heights: to see out, seat
