1、BSI Standards PublicationBS 5489-2:2016Code of practice for thedesign of road lighting Part 2: Lighting of tunnelsPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the documentwas last issued. The British Standards Institution 2016Published by BSI
2、 Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 85616 7ICS 93.080.40The following BSI references relate to the work on this document:Committee reference EL/1/3Draft for comment 15/30296173 DCPublication historyFirst published September 1974Second edition March 1987Third edition August 1992Fourth edition Decem
3、ber 2003Fifth (present) edition April 2016Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS 5489-2:2016 BRITISH STANDARDContentsForeword ii1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions and symbols 14 Tunnel conditions 55 Tunnel lighting design 66 Calculation and measurement 13AnnexesAn
4、nex A (informative) Tunnel design, use and operational aspects that affecttunnel lighting design 17Annex B (informative) Lighting systems 18Annex C (normative) Daytime lighting of short tunnels 19Annex D (informative) Types of daytime lighting for short tunnels 23Annex E (normative) Determination of
5、 access zone luminance by directmeasurement 24Annex F (normative) Determination of access zone luminance by the gridmethod 25Annex G (normative) Estimation of the access zone luminance 30Annex H (informative) Uncertainty in measurement of illuminance 31Bibliography 35List of figuresFigure1Tunnel lig
6、hting class selection 7Figure 2 Luminance reduction curve 9Figure 3 Interior zone measurement positions 16Figure B.1 Symmetrical lighting system 19Figure B.2 Counterbeam lighting system 19Figure C.1 Look-through percentage 20Figure C.2 Visual angles 21Figure C.3 Visibility of a car 22Figure C.4 Visi
7、bility of a pedestrian/cyclist 23Figure F.1 Perspective view of a tunnel entrance with superimposed 20subtense circle 26Figure F.2 20 field of view divided into assessment areas 27Figure G.1 Examples of tunnel approaches giving access zone luminances to beused 30List of tablesTable 1 Stopping sight
8、distances for various design speeds 6Table2Trafficflow 7Table3Values of k for different speed limits and tunnel lighting classes 8Table 4 Road surface luminance of the interior zone 9Table 5 Uniformity of the road surface luminance 10Table C.1 Transverse position of object and observer 22Table F.1 T
9、ypical luminance values 28Table F.2 Example of determination of access zone luminance 29Table H.1 Typical uncertainties in parameters and examples of their effect onilluminance values 33Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,pages 1 to 36, an insi
10、de back cover and a back cover.BRITISH STANDARD BS 5489-2:2016 The British Standards Institution 2016 iForewordPublishing informationThis part of BS 5489 is published by BSI Standards Limited, under licence fromThe British Standards Institution, and came into effect on 30 April 2016. It wasprepared
11、by Subcommittee EL/1/3,Tunnel lighting, under the authority ofTechnical Committee EL/1, Light and lighting. A list of organizations representedon these committees can be obtained on request to their secretary.SupersessionThis part of BS 5489 supersedes BS 5489-2:2003+A1:2008, which is withdrawn.Rela
12、tionship with other publicationsBS 5489 consists of two parts: Part 1: Lighting of roads and public amenity areas; Part 2: Lighting of tunnels.Information about this documentThis is a full revision of the standard to align the standard with current bestpractice.The aim of this standard is to promote
13、 wider understanding of the lighting oftunnels for motorized and mixed traffic and to give guidance on the designdecisions that need to be made. It contains recommendations that are essentialto the design process and that will enable production of designs that areappropriate and justifiable.Use of t
14、his documentAs a code of practice, this part of BS 5489 takes the form of guidance andrecommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification andparticular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are notmisleading.Any user claiming compliance with this part of BS 5489
15、 is expected to be able tojustify any course of action that deviates from its recommendations.It has been assumed in the preparation of this part of BS 5489 that theexecution of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified andexperienced people, for whose use it has been produced.The
16、design of lighting for tunnels is a complex process with many differentaspects and therefore it is important that this standard is read thoroughly toensure that all relevant issues are taken into account.Presentational conventionsThe provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright)
17、type. Itsrecommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliaryverb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented insmaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.The word “should” is used to express recommendations of this s
18、tandard. Theword “may” is used in the text to express permissibility, e.g. as an alternative tothe primary recommendation of the clause. The word “can” is used to expresspossibility, e.g. a consequence of an action or an event.BRITISH STANDARDBS 5489-2:2016ii The British Standards Institution 2016No
19、tes and commentaries are provided throughout the text of this standard.Notes give references and additional information that are important but do notform part of the recommendations. Commentaries give background information.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to inc
20、lude all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legalobligations.BRITISH STANDARD BS 5489-2:2016 The British Standards Institution 2016 iiiBRITISH STANDARDBS 5489-2:2016This page delibera
21、tely left blankiv The British Standards Institution 20161 ScopeThis part of BS 5489 gives recommendations for the design of the lighting oftunnels for motorized and mixed traffic. It is applicable to all types of road,including motorways.This standard is applicable to those aspects of lighting that
22、are concerned withtraffic safety, such as arrangements, levels and other parameters includingdaylight.This standard is not applicable to aspects of lighting that concern aesthetics.This part of BS 5489 is not applicable to the lighting of underpasses or subwaysreserved for pedestrians or cyclists, w
23、hich is covered in BS 5489-1.NOTE 1 This part of BS 5489 is based on photometric considerations, and all valuesof luminance and illuminance are maintained levels.NOTE 2 In this standard “lamp” and “lamps” also include LED light sources.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are ind
24、ispensable for the application ofthis document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including anyamendments) applies.BS 667, Illuminance meters Requirements and test methodsBS 7920, Luminance meters Requirements
25、and test methodsBS EN 12665, Light and lighting Basic terms and criteria for specifying lightingrequirementsBS EN 13201-2, Road lighting Part 2: Performance requirementsBS EN 13201-3:2015, Road lighting Part 3: Calculation of performanceBS EN 13201-4, Road lighting Part 4: Methods of measuring light
26、ingperformance3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this part of BS 5489, the terms and definitions given inBS EN 12665, BS EN 13201-2, BS EN 13201-3 and the following apply.3.1.1 access zonepart of the open road immediately in front of an entrance portal, cove
27、ring thedistance over which an approaching driver can see into a tunnel3.1.2 access zone lengthdistance between the stopping sight distance point ahead of an entrance portaland the entrance portal itself3.1.3 access zone luminanceaverage luminance contained in a conical field of view, subtending an
28、angle of20 with the apex at the position of the eye of an approaching driver and aimedat the centre of the entrance portalNOTE Access zone luminance is assessed from a point at a distance equal to thestopping sight distance from the entrance portal and 1.5 m above the middle of therelevant carriagew
29、ay or traffic lane.BRITISH STANDARD BS 5489-2:2016 The British Standards Institution 2016 13.1.4 carriagewaypart of a road normally used by vehicular traffic3.1.5 contrast revealing coefficientratio between road surface luminance and illuminance on a vertical plane facingoncoming traffic and at a he
30、ight of 0.2 m above the road surface, at a givenpoint in a tunnel3.1.6 counterbeam lightinglighting comprising luminaires, the luminous intensity distribution of which isasymmetrical in a plane parallel to the tunnel axis and the main beam of whichis directed towards oncoming traffic3.1.7 daylight s
31、creendevice that transmits (part of) the ambient daylightNOTE Daylight screens may be applied for the lighting of the threshold zone of atunnel.3.1.8 design speedspeed adopted for a particular stated purpose in designing a road3.1.9 emergency lanelane parallel to the traffic lane(s), not intended fo
32、r normal traffic, but foremergency (police) vehicles and/or for broken-down vehiclesNOTE An emergency lane is commonly referred to as a “hard shoulder”.3.1.10 entrance portalpart of the tunnel construction that corresponds to the beginning of thecovered part of a tunnel or, when daylight screens are
33、 used, to the beginning ofthe daylight screens3.1.11 entrance zonecombination of threshold zone and transition zone(s)3.1.12 exit portalend of the covered part of a tunnel or, when daylight screens are used, end ofthe daylight screens3.1.13 exit zonepart of a tunnel where, during daytime, the vision
34、 of a driver approaching theexit is influenced predominantly by the brightness outside the tunnelNOTE The exit zone stretches from the end of the interior zone to the exit portalof the tunnel.3.1.14 interior zonepart of a tunnel following directly after the transition zoneNOTE The interior zone stre
35、tches from the end of the transition zone to thebeginning of the exit zone.3.1.15 interior zone luminanceaverage road surface luminance of a transverse strip at a given location in theinterior zone of a tunnel3.1.16 look-through percentagearea of the apparent exit portal of a tunnel, as a percentage
36、 of the area of theapparent entrance portal, when viewed in perspective from the stopping sightdistanceBRITISH STANDARDBS 5489-2:20162 The British Standards Institution 20163.1.17 mixed traffictraffic that consists of motor vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians, etc.3.1.18 overall uniformityratio of the l
37、owest to the average road surface luminance3.1.19 parting zonefirst part of the open road directly after the exit portal of a tunnelNOTE The parting zone is not a part of the tunnel, but it is closely related to thetunnel lighting. The parting zone begins at the exit portal.3.1.20 speed limitmaximum
38、 legally allowed speed on any given road3.1.21 stopping sight distancedistance needed to bring a vehicle, driving at design speed, to a completestandstill3.1.22 symmetrical lightinglighting comprising luminaires, the luminous intensity distribution of which issymmetrical in a plane parallel to the t
39、unnel axis3.1.23 threshold zonefirst part of a tunnel, directly after the entrance portalNOTE The threshold zone begins at the entrance portal.3.1.24 threshold zone lightinglighting of the threshold zone of a tunnel, which allows drivers to see into thetunnel whilst in the access zone3.1.25 threshol
40、d zone luminanceaverage road surface luminance of a transverse strip at a given location in thethreshold zone of a tunnel3.1.26 traffic flownumber of vehicles passing a specific point in a stated time in a stated direction3.1.27 traffic lanestrip of carriageway intended to accommodate a single line
41、of moving vehicles3.1.28 transition zonepart of a tunnel following directly after the threshold zoneNOTE The transition zone stretches from the end of the threshold zone to thebeginning of the interior zone. In the transition zone, the lighting level is decreasedfrom the level at the end of the thre
42、shold zone to the level of the interior zone.3.1.29 transition zone luminanceaverage road surface luminance of a transverse strip at a given location in thetransition zone of a tunnel3.1.30 visual guidanceoptical and geometrical means of providing drivers with information on thecourse of the road in
43、 a tunnel3.2 SymbolsFor the purposes of this part of BS 5489, the following symbols apply.A area of a segment on a perspective view of a tunnel entranceEwmaintained wall illuminance, in lux (lx)BRITISH STANDARD BS 5489-2:2016 The British Standards Institution 2016 3f focal length of camera lens, in
44、millimetres (mm)H height of tunnel entrance portal, in metres (m)HLmounting height of luminaire, in metres (m)h height of printed film negative, in millimetres (mm)Iwluminous intensity in direction of point on wall, in candelas perkilolumen (cd/klm)k ratio of threshold zone luminance to access zone
45、luminanceL luminance, in candelas per square metre (cd/m2)Lininterior zone luminance, in candelas per square metre (cd/m2)Lththreshold zone luminance, in candelas per square metre (cd/m2)Ltrtransition zone luminance, in candelas per square metre (cd/m2)Lvequivalent veiling luminance, in candelas per
46、 square metre (cd/m2)Lwmaintained wall luminance, in candelas per square metre (cd/m2)L20access zone luminance, in candelas per square metre (cd/m2)LTP look-through percentageMF maintenance factorP height of calculation point on wall above road surface, in metres (m)qccontrast revealing coefficientS
47、SD stopping sight distance, in metres (m)TI threshold increment, as a percentage (%)t time, in seconds (s)Ullongitudinal uniformityUooverall uniformity of road surface luminance angle between vertical plane containing the incident light path and thevertical plane at right angles to the wall, in degr
48、ees ()ivisual angle for an apparent entrance portal in the vertical plane, indegrees ()uvisual angle for an apparent exit portal in the vertical plane, indegrees ()ivisual angle for an apparent entrance portal in the horizontal plane, indegrees ()uvisual angle for an apparent exit portal in the hori
49、zontal plane, indegrees () angle of incidence of light to the horizontal plane, in degrees ()Hangle subtended by tunnel height, in degrees ()Pangular height of print, in degrees ()difdiffuse reflection factor of wall initial luminous flux of the lamp(s) in luminaire, in kilolumens (klm)BRITISH STANDARDBS 5489-2:20164 The British Standards Institution 20164 Tunnel conditions4.1 GeneralCOMMENTARY ON 4.1The object of installing lighting in a road tunnel is to enable traffic to flow throughit wi
