1、BRITISH STANDARD BS5502-33: 1991 Incorporating Amendment No.1 Buildings and structures for agriculture Part33: Guide to the control of odour pollutionBS 5502-33:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Farm and Horticultural Buildings StandardsPolicy Committee, wasp
2、ublished under the authorityof the Standards Boardand comes into effect on 31 July1991 BSI 06-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference FHB/1 Draft for comment89/13138DC ISBN 0 580 19724 7 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparati
3、on of this British Standard was entrusted by the Farm and Horticultural Buildings Standards Policy Committee (FHB/-) to Technical Committee FHB/1, upon which the following bodies were represented: AFRC Institute of Engineering Research Aggregate Concrete Block Association Brick Development Associati
4、on British Cement Association British Commercial Glasshouse Manufacturers Association British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. British Poultry Federation Limited British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd. British Veterinary Association British Wood Preserving and Damp-proofing Association Col
5、d Rolled Sections Association Department of Agriculture Northern Ireland Electricity Industry in United Kingdom Farm and Rural Buildings Centre Farm Buildings Association Fibre Cement Manufacturers Association Limited Health and Safety Executive Institution of Civil Engineers Local Authority Organiz
6、ations Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food National Farmers Union Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Office (Agriculture and Fisheries Department) Steel Construction Institute Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments 9134
7、 July1996 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS5502-33:1991 BSI 06-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 0 Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 General 1 4 Sources of odour nuisance 2 5 Odour control 2 6 Chemical additives and masking agents 5 AppendixA B
8、ibliography 6 Index 7 Publication(s) refered to Inside back coverBS5502-33:1991 ii BSI 06-1999 Foreword This Part of BS5502 has been prepared under the direction of the Farm and Horticultural Buildings Standards Policy Committee and comprises of a new Part of BS5502. While BS5502 is being revised an
9、d added to, the opportunity is being taken to restructure the standard into the following broad subject areas: Part0: Introduction and consolidated index; Parts10 to19: Reference information and legislation; Parts20 to39: General design; Parts40 to59: Livestock buildings; Parts60 to79: Crop building
10、s; Parts80 to99: Ancillary buildings. More specifically, the general design series will comprise: Part20: Code of practice for general design considerations; Part21: Code of practice for selection and use of construction materials; Part22: Code of practice for design, construction and loading; Part2
11、3: Code of practice for fire precautions; Part24: Code of practice for energy management; Part25: Code of practice for services and facilities; Part30: Code of practice for control of infestation; Part31: Guide to waste management; Part32: Guide to noise attenuation; Part33: Guide to control of odou
12、r pollution; Part34: Guide to control of dust; Part35: Guide to control of gases and vapours. A more detailed description of the new structure is given in Part0. The object of introducing the new structure is to allow subject areas to be broadly characterized, and related subject matter, whether in
13、the form of recommendations, guidance or supporting data to be rationalized and brought together. It will also allow sufficient flexibility to enable BS5502 to be expanded and developed in a logical way in the future. Parts20 to39 will follow broadly the existing structure of BS5502-1.0 to BS5502-1.
14、7. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Use
15、rs of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages 1 to8, an inside back cover and a ba
16、ck cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.BS5502-33:1991 BSI 06-1999 1 0 Introduction This Part of BS5502 identifies those operations which occur during the normal use
17、 of agricultural buildings and structures, and give rise to odour pollution, and which can be mitigated against by good design in the building and structure. To some extent the effects of odour pollution are subjective and depend upon the related environment. The aim of the guidance given in this Pa
18、rt of BS5502 is to indicate to the designer ways in which the effects of such pollution can be reduced by the effective design and construction of a building and structure. In doing so, the assumption is made that use of the building will follow established agricultural practice and that equipment a
19、nd machinery installed and/or used is of itself effective in minimizing pollution effects. 1 Scope This Part of BS5502 gives guidance on aspects of controlling odour pollution produced mainly as a result of livestock farming practices in relation to the design and construction of agricultural buildi
20、ngs and structures. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the definitions given in BS6100 apply. NOTEWork has commenced on a further Part of BS5502 (Part10) which will be a glossar
21、y of terms used in BS5502 for buildings and structures for agriculture. 3 General 3.1 Odour The complexity of the human sense of smell together with the variation in the human response to odorants (i.e.chemical compounds which have an odour) make odour pollution and odour nuisance subjective and dif
22、ficult subjects to deal with. Unpleasant smells do not necessarily present hazardous conditions to humans. 3.2 Odour measurement Methods for evaluating odours have been researched for many years. The aim is to determine the nuisance value of the odour in a scientific and objective manner. At present
23、, methods have been developed and approved by an expert group set up by the EEC to determine odour concentration. This measures the volume of clean odourless air which is required to dilute a known volume of odorous air to a point where50% of a panel (of selected people) can no longer detect the odo
24、ur. The value is known as the50% threshold value and is determined by the use of an olfactometer. Odour concentration is used to determine the reduction in odour achieved by air cleaning treatment systems or waste treatment plants. The usual background odour concentration of air is30 dilutions of od
25、our-free air to one of odorous air. Intensive pig and poultry buildings often have an odour concentration from exhaust ventilation outlets in excess of2500dilutions to one. Many situations that give rise to odour pollution can be minimized by good farm management. This guide is mainly concerned with
26、 those aspects which relate to the building or structure. NOTEFor further information on farm management seeAppendix A. 3.3 Toxicity Gases arising from livestock wastes can be odorous and/or toxic. The characteristic odours of livestock wastes arise from the simultaneous presence, in the air around
27、the waste, of a variety of different gases. Gases which contribute to livestock waste odours and which are also toxic when present above a certain concentration include hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. Hydrogen sulphide is particularly hazardous as the concentration above which it is toxic is extremel
28、y low, and, moreover, there are some concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in air at which it is not odorous, and at which therefore, its presence is not easily detected. Gases which are toxic but not odorous include carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The former, particularly, can build up in confine
29、d spaces and thus cause a risk of asphyxiation. 3.4 Legislation Nuisance laws exist under the Environmental Protection Act1990. The public may complain about odour and, as a result, a local authority may initiate legal action through its Environmental Health Officer(s) to terminate the nuisance. Alt
30、ernatively, individuals may take action under common law to terminate nuisance.BS5502-33:1991 2 BSI 06-1999 4 Sources of odour nuisance 4.1 Odour nuisance complaints by the public about agricultural activities can arise from the following: a) the spreading of waste on land; b) the storage of waste;
31、c) buildings housing livestock; d) the production of animal feed; e) the storage of silage. The most troublesome and the commonest type of waste is livestock slurry, but sewage sludge when spread on the land and farm-yard manure (straw-based livestock waste) can also give rise to complaints. 4.2 Odo
32、ur problems are attributable mainly to premises where stock are closely confined and their waste accumulates. The majority of nuisance relates to premises where pigs, poultry and, to a lesser extent, cattle are kept. 4.3 The odours from waste and the animals themselves are carried in the ventilating
33、 air exhausted from livestock houses and can be a source of nuisance when the buildings are adjacent to a populated area. 4.4 The production of animal feed can involve cooking, milling and mixing operations. Cooking, especially under pressure, can lead to the release of unpleasant odours at certain
34、stages of the process. Milling and mixing can generate dust, which may assist the transmission of odour. 4.5 The making of silage in clamps is not intrinsically malodorous, but the smell of poor quality silage can be offensive. 5 Odour control 5.1 Reduction of odour concentration In principle an odo
35、rant cannot cause a nuisance if its concentration is too low to be detected by humans. Any means of reducing the concentration of odorants should therefore be regarded as a method of odour control. Odorant concentrations should be reduced by at least80% to achieve a significant improvement. However,
36、 in some cases, when an odorant can be perceived at very low concentrations a reduction of over95% may be required. Implicit in the Environment Protection Act1990 is the need for any odour control system to comply with the principle of best available technique not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC).
37、 Therefore the cost of the system and of its management and operation should be within the cost structure of the particular agricultural sector, be it livestock production, crop production or some other sector. Odour control can be achieved by a variety of means, such as biological treatment, the ad
38、dition of chemicals and by destruction of the odorous compounds. Those considered most appropriate to particular farming situations known to give rise to nuisance from odours are highlighted below. 5.2 Methods of odour control 5.2.1 Siting When planning new buildings or facilities, consideration sho
39、uld be given to the risk of odours, arising from the intended activities, reaching human habitation. The siting of the building will influence both the reduction in odour before it reaches people and the direction in which it will travel. Reduction in odour is largely caused by the dilution of odoro
40、us air with fresh air; this dilution will be greatest at high rates of mixing. Rates of mixing will be influenced by distance, wind speed and other meteorological parameters. The direction of dispersion of odorous materials will primarily be influenced by wind direction. The following factors will t
41、herefore need to be considered in preventing odour nuisance. a) Under the current planning law in England and Wales, developments connected with livestock or the storage of slurry/waste require planning consent if they are within400m of the curtilage of a protected building (i.e.a building normally
42、occupied by people who are not part of the particular or adjacent agricultural holding). In Scotland the above consent applies to developments associated with intensive livestock accommodation or slurry/sewage sludge storage. b) The strength of the odour source will often be related to the number of
43、 livestock kept in a particular location. Some European codes limit the number of stock on a site depending on its distance from human habitation. For example, in Holland, the maximum number of pigs allowed at100m is250, at300m2 500 pigs, etc. c) The production system and waste management system wil
44、l affect the strength of the odour source. Systems of livestock housing which allow the accumulation of dung and slurry in channels, pits and stores over a period of time are more odorous than those which are cleaned on a daily basis. Where the cordon sanitaire is less than300m the latter systems ar
45、e to be preferred. d) The spread of odour from its source can be influenced by local climate and topographical features.BS5502-33:1991 BSI 06-1999 3 A livestock building sited in a windy location may well be less odorous (because of greater dilution of odour) than one located in a sheltered location
46、. Due regard should be given to wind direction in relation to human occupation. However, whilst prevailing wind direction may guide ones choice of location, local topography may well modify wind direction and consequently odour dispersion. Such local effects should be investigated. In cold still con
47、ditions (particularly at night) cold air will roll down hills and take with it odours from sources located above human habitation. 5.2.2 Pretreatment The treatments which should be applied to waste before it is spread on the land are as follows: a) aeration of livestock slurry by passing air or oxyg
48、en through it which reduces the nuisance effect of odour from slurry gases; b) anaerobic digestion of pig and cattle slurry which results in the formation of new products which are less odorous than raw slurry; NOTEBoth the treatments a) and b) are facilitated if the slurry is mechanically separated
49、 into liquid and “solid” fractions. The solids(15% to20% by mass dry matter) are stackable and relatively odourless. The liquid fraction (no more than6% by mass dry matter) is more amenable to treatment in processing plant and, after treatment, is relatively stable and relatively odourless. c) composting of farm-yard manure to produce a relatively inoffensive material with care being taken to ensure the manure is suitably stored to allow composting to occur (i.e.the development of anaerobic conditions is avoided). 5.2.3 Land spreading of wa
