1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6279-3: 1990 ISO 6322-3: 1989 Storage of cereals and pulses Part 3: Guide to control of attack by pestsBS6279-3:1990 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Food and Agriculture Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the Boar
2、d ofBSI and comes into effect on 28February1990 BSI 09-1999 First published September 1982 First revision February 1990 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference FAC/4 Draft (ref. 89/54543) announced inBSI News, October1989 ISBN 0 580 18067 0 Committees re
3、sponsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Food and Agriculture Standards Policy Committee (FAC/-) to Technical Committee FAC/4, upon which the following bodies were represented: AFRC Institute of Engineering Research Agricultural Engineers Asso
4、ciation Association of Public Analysts British Edible Pulse Association Department of Trade and Industry (Laboratory of the Government Chemist) Flour Milling and Baking Research Association Food and Drink Federation Grain and Feed Trade Association Home Grown Cereals Authority Institute of Brewing I
5、nstitute of Food Science and Technology Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food NABIM National Association of Commodity Cargo Superintendents and Surveyors National Farmers Union Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute Society of Chemical Indu
6、stry United Kingdom Agricultural Supply Trade Association Ltd. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS6279-3:1990 BSI 09-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Vertebrate pests 1 3 Invertebrate pests 1 Annex A (in
7、formative) Limiting and optimum conditions for increase in populations of certain insect and mite pests of stored pulses and cereals 5 Annex B (informative) Bibliography 6 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS6279-3:1990 ii BSI 09-1999 National foreword This Part of BS6279 has been prepared u
8、nder the direction of the Food and Agriculture Standards Policy Committee. It is identical with ISO6322-3:1989 “Storage of cereals and pulses Part 3: Control of attack by pests” published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and in the preparation of which the United Kingdom
9、played a full part. This revision supersedes BS6279-3:1982 which is withdrawn and from which it differs in thatAnnex A has been deleted. There are no British Standards corresponding to ISO605:1977, ISO6639-1:1986, ISO6639-2:1986, ISO6639-3:1986 and ISO6639-4:1987 but, as these references are supplie
10、d for information only, the validity of this Part of BS6279 is not affected. A British Standard describing procedures for the determination of hidden insect infestation is BS4317 “Methods of test for cereals and pulses”, Part18:1988 “Determination of hidden insect infestation”. A British Standard do
11、es not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Cross-references International Standard Corresponding British
12、Standard BS 6279 Storage of cereals and pulses ISO 6322-1:1981 Part 1:1982 Guide to particular problems encountered in the storage of cereals and pulses (Identical) ISO 6322-2:1981 Part 2:1982 Code of practice for the storage of cereals and pulses (Identical) Summary of pages This document comprises
13、 a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS6279-3:1990 BSI 09-1999 1
14、 1 Scope This part of ISO6322 gives guidance on means of controlling attack by pests on cereals and pulses in storage. NOTEOther aspects of storage of cereals and pulses are dealt with in ISO6322-1 and ISO6322-2, and the determination of insect infestation is dealt with in ISO605, ISO6639-1, ISO6639
15、-2, ISO6639-3 and ISO6639-4. 2 Vertebrate pests 2.1 General The ability of birds, rats, and mice and other rodents to feed on grain is not limited by the quality or condition of the grain but only by its accessibility. The effects of attack by birds, rats, and mice and other rodents are contaminatio
16、n, spillage, loss in mass and reduction in quality. Contamination may, for example, prevent wheat from being used for flour milling because of an excessive count of rodent hairs in the finished flour. Attention to hygiene and proofing of stores against access are the principal preventive measures, a
17、lthough anticoagulant baits (such as warfarin) may also be used for routine control of rats and mice. The use of an acute poison may be necessary if resistance to anticoagulants appears in rat or mouse populations. Birds should be excluded from grain stores by bird-proofing. Birds may be trapped, sh
18、ot or poisoned, but in some countries bird protection laws and public opinion place considerable limitations on control measures. 2.2 Control Rats and mice may be controlled by trapping, or by the use of a bait incorporating a poison which acts within a few minutes of ingestion (acute poison) or by
19、one which acts over a period (chronic poison) or by fumigation with gas. Fumigation is generally used as a part of an integrated control system, as it normally gives no residual protection. Fumigation against rodents is normally performed at lower dosage rates and for shorter periods of exposure tha
20、n those required for insect control. It follows that an insect fumigation also controls rodents. Methods involving fumigation or the use of acute poisons should be carried out only by properly trained persons, as specified by national governmental regulations. 3 Invertebrate pests 3.1 General Attack
21、 by insects and mites is influenced by the accessibility of cereals and pulses and also by the type and condition of the grain. Attack may not only lead to loss in mass and to contamination, but may alter the condition and quality of the grain. Infestation of grain both by true storage pests and by
22、field crop pests, for example Thysanoptera (thrips) or Lepidoptera for example Apamea sordens (Hufn.) (rustic shoulder knot moth 1) ), may result in the contamination of milled products with insect fragments. 3.2 Onset of infestation 3.2.1 Pulses Pulses are liable to be attacked during growth by var
23、ious moths and pulse beetles (Lepidoptera and Coleoptera) for example Bruchus pisorum (L.) (peabeetle), which lay eggs on the developing pods. The larvae penetrate the seeds and continue to develop in the dry seeds after harvest, adult pulse beetles eventually emerging and flying to the fields to st
24、art the cycle again. Some species for example Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (cowpea beetle) and Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say.) (dried bean beetle) are capable of continuing to reproduce on the dry peas and beans. Seeds containing pupae or adults ready to emerge can be recognized by the thin outer l
25、ayer of the seed coat, or “window”, covering the end of the exit tunnel. Seeds from which beetles have emerged have clean round holes. The storage of pulses should therefore be organized on the assumption that they are already infested when taken into store. The risk depends on local circumstances (
26、climate, field control methods, etc.), being greatest in the tropics where conditions favour survival and continuous rapid development of pests. 1) The common names for insects and mites used in this part of ISO6322 are those generally used in the United Kingdom. Common names in other languages are
27、not necessarily direct translations of the names which appear here, and should be confirmed by an expert in each country. It is recommended that the appropriate common names be substituted in corresponding national standards.BS6279-3:1990 2 BSI 09-1999 3.2.2 Cereals Field infestation of cereals by s
28、torage insects occurs mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics but also in the warmer parts of temperate regions. It is normally caused by insects flying out from storage buildings to lay eggs on ripening crops. Some improved varieties of hybrid maize with short sheath leaves surrounding the cob are pa
29、rticularly liable to such infestation. Insects causing such infestation are mainly Sitotroga cerealella. (Oliv.) (Angoumois grain moth) and Sitophilus zea-mais (Motsch) (greater maize weevil). In most temperate countries, infestation by storage insects usually starts after the harvested crop has bee
30、n placed in store, but may commence immediately if the combine harvester or sacks harbour insect pests. Storage of cereals in areas where field infestation by storage insects may occur should take this risk into account. Storage of cereals in most temperate areas can be organized on the basis that g
31、rain from the field is free from infestation, except by certain species of mites. Some species of mites carried with grain from the field can continue to breed in store (for example Tyrophagus longior Gerv.) but, more commonly, the dominant mites are true storage species for example Acarus siro L. (
32、flour mite). Mites are a particularly grave problem wherever grains are stored under high atmospheric relative humidities or their moisture content exceeds15% (m/m), even when the temperatures are too low for insect development. 3.3 Factors affecting insect and mite development A few species of inse
33、cts for example Sitophilus granarius (L.) (grain weevil) can attack completely sound grain, but abrasion of the seed coat, breakage during harvesting and movement, and admixtures of cereal dust facilitate attack by many other species of insects and mites for example Oryzaephilus surinamensis(L.) (sa
34、w toothed grain beetle) and Acarus siro L. (flour mite). The insects and mites found in stored cereals include those which tunnel in the endosperm for example Sitophilus granarius (L.) (grain weevil) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (rice weevil), those which consume the germ for example Cryptolestes ferr
35、ugineus (Steph.) (rust red grain beetle), Plodia interpunctella (Hbn.) (Indian meal moth) and Acarus siro L. (flour mite), those which attack broken pieces and dust for example Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (rust red flour beetle) and Glycyphagus destructor (Schr.) (forage mite), those which live on
36、 moulds for example fungus beetles (Cryptophagidae and Mycetophagidae)l, those which are parasites or predators on other insects and mites (for example Braconidae and Cheyletidae) and those which are scavengers on dead bodies of other insects (for example Dermestidae). Many species are capable of pe
37、rforming more than one role for example Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) (cadelle beetle) is a predator and an occasional feeder on germl. The principal factors which affect the development and activity of insect and mite pests are a) the temperature; b) the moisture content of the grain; c) the relati
38、ve humidity of the immediate atmosphere; d) the nature of the grain. Most insect pests of stored grain cannot complete the full development from egg to adult, mating and further egg production at temperatures below 10 C or greater than35 C. The minimum temperature required for the multiplication of
39、most of the serious insect pests is about15 C and the lower end of the optimum range is at least20 C. For most mites, the limits and optima are generally5 C lower. The moisture content of grain affects insects and mites directly, since they absorb water with their food, and indirectly through contro
40、lling the relative humidity of the inter-granular air. For each species, there is a minimum relative humidity below which complete development cannot take place or which is lethal. Grain of less than9% (m/m) moisture content (equilibrium relative humidity of approximately30%) is generally secure fro
41、m insect or mite attack, although Trogoderma granarium Everts (khapra beetle) can breed at a moisture content of2% (m/m). For each species, there is a combination of temperature and humidity at which populations increase most rapidly. This means that different species tend to occur in those parts of
42、 the world where the climate is most suitable for them. A summary of these conditions for the most common species of grain pests is given inAnnex A.BS6279-3:1990 BSI 09-1999 3 3.4 Heating of grain caused by insects and mites Large bulks or bagged stacks of cereals and pulses tend to stabilize the co
43、nditions of temperature and humidity within them. It is these conditions, in particular, which directly affect the insects, and not the diurnal fluctuations in the free space of the store. Local variations in the temperature and moisture contents of bulks are exploited by insects and mites which ten
44、d, by random movement, to find their way to favourable breeding places. If conditions here are above the minima shown inAnnex A, the insects will breed. As they develop they produce heat which may not disperse as rapidly as it is produced. The temperature rises and insect development accelerates. Ev
45、entually the temperature rises to an unfavourable level, usually not above42 C, and those insects which can move outwards do so: those which cannot (for example larvae within grains) eventually die. The living insects finally concentrate at the surface. Temperature gradients are established in the b
46、ulk, and moisture moves from the hot interior to the cooler periphery. If the temperature at the surface is below the dew point of the moist air from the interior, condensation will take place and the grain may eventually sprout. The moisture content and equilibrium relative humidity may be raised l
47、ocally to a point at which the growth of moulds is initiated. Thus, in grain nominally safe for indefinite storage, “dry grain heating”, initiated by insects, may change to “damp grain heating” caused by micro-organisms. The temperature in “damp grain heating” seldom rises above62 C and usually rema
48、ins at about52 C. 3.5 Prevention and control of insect and mite infestation 3.5.1 Prevention Attack may be prevented by denying access to insects and mites, by maintaining an environment unfavourable for breeding, or by applying a protective treatment to the grain. The principal techniques for preve
49、ntion are good hygiene, (i.e. the removal of all unwanted grain and dust in which insects and mites can breed), treatment of empty locations, and control of the environment, by such means as a) keeping grain below the temperature or the humidity necessary for increase in pest numbers (for example by drying, aerated storage, refrigerated storage); b) hermetic or inert-atmosphere storage; c) enclosing pest-free grain in insect-resistant containers; d) addition of insecticides 2)(for example pyrethrins, organophosphorus insecticides) to repel or kill
