1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 7028:1999 ICS 13.340.2
2、0 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Eye protection for industrial and other uses Guidance on selection, use and maintenanceThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Committee, was published under the auth
3、ority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 November 1999 BSI 11-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PH/2/2 Draft for comment 98/541939 ISBN 0 580 33047 8 BS 7028:1999 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments C
4、ommittees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee PH/2, Eye protection, to Subcomittee PH/2/2, Industrial eye protectors, upon which the following bodies were represented: Electricity Association Federation of Manufacturing
5、Opticians Glass information to provide a basic understanding of the classification of hazards to the eye encountered in industrial and other occupational situations; an explanation and classification of the various types of eye- and face-protectors and a list of their various characteristics and pro
6、tection capabilities; guidance on the selection, care and maintenance of occupational eye- and face-protectors. It relates to all types of personal eye- and face-protectors used against various hazards encountered in industry, commerce, laboratories, education establishments, DIY activities, etc. th
7、at can damage the eye or impair vision with the exception of ionizing radiation such as X-rays and low temperature infrared (IR) radiation. This British Standard does not include guidance on the use of sport, leisure or vehicular eye-protectors. This British Standard is neither a whole nor partial s
8、ubstitute for a professional risk assessment which is an essential element of any safety eyewear selection exercise. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this (part of this) British Standard. For d
9、ated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. BS EN 165, Personal eye-protection Vocabulary. BS EN 166, Personal eye-protection Specifications. BS EN 167, Personal
10、 eye-protection Optical test methods. BS EN 168, Personal eye-protection Non-optical test methods. BS EN 169, Personal eye-protection Filters for welding and related techniques Transmittance requirements and recommended utilization. BS EN 170, Personal eye-protection Ultraviolet filters Transmittanc
11、e requirements and recommended use. BS EN 171, Personal eye-protection Infrared filters Transmittance requirements and recommended use. BS EN 172, Personal eye-protection Sunglare filters for industrial use. BS EN 175, Personal protection Equipment for eye and face protection during welding and alli
12、ed processes (excluding hoods). BS EN 207, Personal eye-protection Filters and eye-protection against laser radiation. BS EN 208, Personal eye-protection Eye-protectors for adjustment work on lasers and laser systems. BS EN 379, Specification for welding filters with switchable luminous transmittanc
13、e and welding filters with dual luminous transmittance. BS EN 1731, Mesh type eye and face protectors for industrial and non-industrial use against mechanical hazards and/or heat. BS EN ISO 8980-1, Ophthalmic optics Uncut finished spectacle lenses Specification for single vision and multifocal lense
14、s. BS EN ISO 8980-2, Ophthalmic optics Uncut finished spectacle lenses Specification for progressive power lenses. 3 Overview of the referenced standards A brief overview of relevant standards is given in Table 1. 4 Hazards to the eye encountered in occupational environments 4.1 Introduction The fra
15、gile and vulnerable human eye is particularly prone to damage from the following three main hazard classifications encountered in occupational applications: mechanical; chemical; radiation. Circumstances where two or more of these hazards are present either simultaneous or concurrently can occur. It
16、 is therefore essential to gain an appreciation of all the potential hazards that can be encountered in the working environment. The damaging effects on the human eye that can arise from the various hazards are numerous and complex and range in severity from minor irritation to total blindness. To h
17、elp explain these effects, discussed in the following clauses, a sectional diagram of the eye, highlighting the principal components, is shown in Figure 1.2 BSI 11-1999 BS 7028:1999 Table 1 Scope and content of occupational eye-protection standards Standard Scope and content BS EN 165 Vocabulary Pro
18、vides a list of optical and technical terms found in European eye-protection standards and gives a brief informative definition of each term BS EN 166 Specifications Contains construction and performance specifications together with marking requirements for industrial/occupational eye-protectors, in
19、cluding protective spectacles, goggles, eyeshields and faceshields. Performance requirements are given for optical properties such as refractive powers, transmittance and diffusion of light, and mechanical properties such as robustness, temperature stability, ignition resistance, and resistance to m
20、olten metals, dust, liquid splashes, gases, short circuit electric arc and high speed particles BS EN 167 Optical test methods Describes the various optical test methods specified in BS EN 166 and other eye-protection performance standards BS EN 168 Non-optical test methods Describes the various non
21、-optical test methods specified in BS EN 166 and other eye-protection performance standards BS EN 169 Filters for welding and related techniques Transmittance requirements and recommended utilization Details transmittance requirements for welding filters against UV, visible and IR radiation. Contain
22、s recommendations for the selection of filters when using the various different types of welding equipment. BS EN 170 Ultraviolet filters. Transmittance requirements and recommended use Details transmittance requirements for filters against UV radiation. Contains recommendations for the selection of
23、 UV filters against the various sources and types of UV radiation. BS EN 171 IR filters. Transmittance requirements and recommended use Details transmittance requirements for filters against IR radiation. Contains recommendations for the selection of IR filters against the various sources and types
24、of IR radiation. BS EN 172 Sunglare filters for industrial use Details transmittance and other requirements for filters against sunglare (visible glare) radiation BS EN 175 Equipment for eye and face protection during welding and allied processes (excluding hoods) Contains construction and performan
25、ce specifications for welding protectors, including spectacles, goggles, faceshields and hand-held shields. Performance requirements are given for area of coverage, heat resistance, robustness, etc. The welding equipment described is intended for use with welding filters defined in BS EN 169 and BS
26、EN 379 BS EN 207 Filters and eye-protectors against laser radiation Details transmittance requirements and mechanical requirements for filters and mechanical requirements for complete eye-protectors for use against the various types of laser radiation BS EN 208 Eye-protectors for adjustment work on
27、lasers and laser systems Details transmittance and other requirements for eye-protectors for use when adjusting or servicing visible lasers and laser systems BS EN 379 Specification for welding filters with switchable luminous transmittance and dual luminous transmittance Details transmittance and o
28、ther requirements for welding filters which have two components (light and dark) and opto-electric filters which can be switched from one shade to another, either manually or automatically BS EN 1731 Mesh type eye and face protectors for industrial and non-industrial use against mechanical hazards a
29、nd/or heat Contains construction and performance specifications for mesh type eye-protectors as used principally in the forestry, metal processing and steel industries. Types of mesh type eye-protectors are defined (spectacles, goggles and faceshields). Performance requirements are given for area of
30、 coverage, mesh size, heat resistance, robustness, etc. BSI 11-1999 3 BS 7028:1999 Table 1 Scope and content of occupational eye-protection standards (continued) Standard Scope and content BS EN ISO 8980-1 Ophthalmic optics Uncut finished spectacle lenses Specification for single vision and multifoc
31、al lenses Specifies requirements for the optical and geometrical properties for uncut finished single-vision and multifocal spectacle lenses. BS EN ISO 8980-2 Ophthalmic optics Uncut finished spectacle lenses Specification for progressive power lenses Specifies requirements for the optical and geome
32、trical properties for uncut finished progressive spectacle lenses. BS EN 60825-1 Safety of laser products Part 1 Equipment classification, requirements and users guide Describes minimum requirements for safe working levels. Classifies lasers and laser products according to their degree of hazard, re
33、quirements for user and manufacturer to establish procedures and supply information. Key 1 Conjunctiva 5 Pupil 2 Iris 6 Lens 3 Cornea 7 Retina 4 Aqueous humour Figure 1 The human eye4 BSI 11-1999 BS 7028:1999 4.2 Mechanical hazards 4.2.1 Sources Mechanical operations pose the most obvious sources of
34、 danger where damage to the eye can occur from flying debris, collision with static objects, ingress of fine particles, abrasion from fibrous materials or foliage and burns from hot liquids and molten solids. In engineering machinery operations, sharp swarf from the component or a broken tool tip ca
35、n readily become airborne at high velocity. In metal foundries and steel working the potential for molten metal splash is present, and in most working environments there are risks from falling objects and encounters with sharp corners that present further opportunity for damaging the eye. In quarryi
36、ng work and the construction industry there are obvious risks from flying chippings, and dust clouds. Similar hazards exist in mining operations, stone-masonry, sculpting and building repair. Forestry and landscaping operations present a range of potential hazards from sharp foliage, “kick-back” fro
37、m chain saws and flying fragments from broken power tools and machinery. Exploding flasks in laboratories, dust clouds generated during automobile sanding operations and grit generated by shot blast operations are other examples of mechanical hazards which are common causes of eye injury. 4.2.2 Effe
38、cts The damage that can be caused to the eye by mechanical hazards ranges from mild irritation from ingress of fine dust to total loss of sight due to high velocity/high mass impacts or major, direct encounter with molten metals. The cornea of the eye can easily be scratched by fine dust particles.
39、This can result in discomfort or soreness lasting for a few minutes or several days depending on the severity of the abrasion. More severe damage to the cornea will result in clouded vision. Sharp flying objects of sufficient mass and speed can easily penetrate the cornea to injure the iris and the
40、lens itself. Physical damage to the lens and its associated muscles can result in permanent loss of focus. Minor ingress of foreign matter can be readily dispersed by fluid secreted by the tear ducts whereas larger amounts will require dispersal by eye baths or other more intensive remedies conducte
41、d within a specialized medical environment. 4.3 Chemical hazards 4.3.1 Sources As with mechanical hazards, the sources of chemical hazards are numerous and include very fine powders, aerosols, liquids, fumes, vapours and gases. Chemical hazards can be less immediately obvious than mechanical hazards
42、; for example, fine cement dust entering the eye in small quantities may not present a serious mechanical hazard but the strong alkaline bias of such materials can cause severe corneal burns. Many insecticides used in crop spraying and generated in aerosol form pose an obvious hazard to agricultural
43、 workers. Paint spraying, varnishing and many other lacquering and treatment processes involve chemicals generated in aerosol form. Even if the base substance itself is harmless it could be carried by a more damaging chemical solvent. The hazards associated with liquid chemicals are usually more obv
44、ious than from aerosols, fumes or gases and principally relate to splashes from containers during decanting and mixing, particularly where uncontrolled mixing leads to boiling by exothermic reaction. Smoke and fumes generated by combustion are another potential cause of eye irritation and other more
45、 serious damage. The number of vapours and gases that can have a harmful effect on the eye is extensive and includes such common industrial use substances as acetone, chlorine, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and toluene. Fume hazards are visible and warn of their presence whereas man
46、y harmful vapours and gases are invisible. Apart from leakages from containers and pipework, hazards also exist from vaporization of liquid chemicals during decanting, mixing and disposal. Finally, biological hazards in the medical and dental environment related to splashes of blood and body tissue
47、containing viruses are another danger that are broadly classified as a chemical hazard. 4.3.2 Effects Liquid splashes of strong acids and alkalis can cause serious eye burns even blindness. Even minute splashes or fine aerosol spray of such substances can cause irritation or conjunctivitis. Fuel vap
48、ours and certain hydrocarbons can cause a reduction of the oxygen content in the natural fluids in the eye leading to a condition known as corneal dystrophy that causes inflammation of eye and inner surface of the eye-lids. Exposure to certain other chemicals can cause inflammation of the optic nerve paths, a condition known as optical neuritis. Conjunctivitis can also be caused by allergic reactions to many chemical substances, pollens, and biological agents.
