1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 7370-5:1998 ICS 65.020
2、.40 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Grounds maintenance Part 5. Recommendations for the maintenance of water areasThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Building and Civil Engineering Sector Board, was published under the authori
3、ty of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 October 1998 BSI 1998 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EPC/2 Draft for comment 95/104104 DC ISBN 0 580 26848 9 BS 7370-5:1998 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text affected Com
4、mittees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee EPC/2, Landscape work, upon which the following bodies were represented: Anglian Water Authority Association of County Councils Association of Playing Fields and Landscape Mana
5、gers British Association of Landscape Industries British Waterways Board Commonwealth War Graves Commission Department of Transport Institute of Groundsmanship Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management Institute of Water and Environmental Management Landscape Institute National Farmers Union Natio
6、nal Turfgrass Council Scottish Natural Heritage Sports Turf Research Institute Water Services Association of England and WalesBS 7370-5:1998 BSI 1998 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 References 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Categories of water an
7、d wetland areas 3 5 Uses and purposes of water areas 4 6 Maintenance operations 9 Annex A (informative) Further reading 20 Annex B (informative) Legislative aspects 21 Annex C (informative) Elements of small scale ornamental water features frequently requiring modification to allow future maintenanc
8、e 23 Annex D (informative) List of naturally occurring plants which may be found growing in and around water areas 24 Annex E (informative) A selection of plants suitable for planting in and around water areas 26 Annex F (informative) Recreational organizations 27 Bibliography 28 Figure 1 Bank stabi
9、lization using soft engineering techniques 15 Table 1 Fish spawning times 10 Table 2 The relative efficacy of management options 11 Table 3 Herbicide formulations and their spectra of weed control 14 Table 4 Recommended timings for an inspection programme and maintenance operations 18ii BSI 1998 BS
10、7370-5:1998 Foreword BS 7370 has been prepared in order to provide those responsible for the upkeep of land and/or water that has a recreational or amenity use, or a functional purpose, with a series of recommendations for the various aspects of such maintenance. It has been assumed in the drafting
11、of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. This part of BS 7370 categorizes water and wetland areas, their uses and purposes, together with recommended methods and procedures f
12、or maintenance. BS 7370 comprises the following parts : Part 1: Recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance Part 2: Recommendations for the maintenance of hard areas (excluding sports areas) Part 3: Recommendati
13、ons for maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf) Part 4: Recommendations for maintenance of soft landscape (other than amenity turf) Part 5: Recommendations for the maintenance of water areas Further parts may be prepared, as necessary. NOTE 1 Further reading material on e
14、cological management is listed in annex A. The numbers given in square brackets throughout the text relate to references given in the bibliography. NOTE 2 Table 2 is reproduced with the permission of Blackwell Scientific Publications. Annexes A to F are informative. A British Standard does not purpo
15、rt to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front co
16、ver, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 28, an inside back cover and a back cover. BSI 1998 1 BS 7370-5:1998 Introduction The different types of water areas that may be encountered in grounds maintenance may comprise running, still, or ornamental water. Such water areas may be natural features, or be artifi
17、cially created. They may be fed naturally, from surface run-off, and springs; or by artificial means through channels, pipes or by pumping from another source. Water areas are usually multi-functional, and can serve purposes additional to the conservation, recreation and amenity uses for which the g
18、rounds maintenance organization is directly responsible. These other functions could be the responsibility of other organizations whose needs may predominate. Thus, when planning and undertaking grounds maintenance, it is essential to have a full understanding of the prime purposes and uses of the p
19、articular water area together with the effects of grounds maintenance activities. A balance should be struck between the many competing needs and a management plan prepared which embraces all these elements. NOTE BS 7370-1:1991 describes management plans and objectives. 1 Scope This part of BS 7370
20、gives recommendations for grounds maintenance relating to water areas that are within or adjacent to the grounds. This standard does not constitute a textbook on the ecological, recreational, design or engineering matters raised, but clauses 4 and 5 explain the ways in which water is used by humans,
21、 flora and fauna. This will assist in reconciling the often conflicting management and maintenance requirements of water and wetland areas, given in clause 6. Reference is made to legislative aspects in annex B although this standard should not be taken as comprehensive or definitive in this regard.
22、 This standard provides recommendations to enable a detailed inspection and maintenance schedule to be prepared for each site. It does not cover the maintenance of wetland or tidal areas. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this tex
23、t, constitute provisions of this part of BS 7370. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. BS 7370-1:1991, Grounds maintenance Recommendations for establ
24、ishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance. BS 7370-2:1994, Grounds maintenance Recommendations for the maintenance of hard areas (excluding sports surfaces). BS 7370-4:1993, Grounds maintenance Recommendations for maintenance of soft l
25、andscape (other than amenity turf). 3 Definitions For the purposes of this part of BS 7370, the definitions given in clause 2 of BS 7370-1:1991 apply, together with the following. 3.1 arisings material won from excavation 3.2 batter slope 3.3 bund embankment or mound of soil or other material constr
26、ucted for screening or containment 3.4 calcifuge plant which will not normally grow in calcareous or limed soils 3.5 cascade small waterfall, especially forming one in a series or part of a large broken waterfall 3.6 concrete bagwork bags filled with wet, lean concrete which has been allowed to set
27、3.7 culvert piped water course 3.8 draw-off take water out of a lake or other water system 3.9 drawdown reduction in water level caused by drawing off 3.10 dredging Removing soil and plant remains from below water 3.11 dredgings material removed by dredging 3.12 emergent plants plants, rooted in the
28、 water bed, that grow through the water into the air, usually at the margin of the water area 3.13 eutrophic rich in plant nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, and generally low in dissolved oxygen2 BSI 1998 BS 7370-5:1998 3.14 floodplain area of land prone to flooding 3.15 floodwater wate
29、r on the floodplain 3.16 gabion mesh cage which holds stones 3.17 geotextile artificial porous membrane used to enhance the physical properties of soil, especially for the protection of the soil surface during the establishment of vegetation 3.18 hoggin as-dug clay/gravel material suitable for track
30、s which carry occasional traffic 3.19 large raised reservoir body of water above natural ground levels with a capacity of more than 25 000 m 3 NOTE Large raised reservoirs are subject to the provisions of the Reservoirs Act 1975 1. 3.20 mesophyte plant which grows in an environment which is neither
31、very dry nor very wet 3.21 outfall structure by which discharge pipes enter rivers or other water systems 3.22 poaching damage caused to turf by treading during wet weather; by livestock hooves or human feet 3.23 pontoon floating platform or structure 3.24 punner rammer used to compact bulk construc
32、tional materials, for example, hoggin or macadam 3.25 revetment protective layer on the bank that reaches at least to the water surface, which prevents scour and erosion from water action 3.26 riparian owner owner of land adjacent to bodies of water (see annex B) 3.27 run-off water coming off the la
33、nd following rainfall 3.28 siltation accumulation of silt in a water body 3.29 sluice vertical gate which can be opened to let water through 3.30 spalling break-up of concrete or masonry surface, in which pieces are sufficiently loosened for them to become detached NOTE Spalling is often caused by f
34、rost following water penetration. 3.31 spillway structure over which excess water can escape 3.32 spoil excess material after excavation 3.33 sump pit for the collection of water 3.34 surface water water on the surface of land 3.35 trash rack grating to prevent debris entering a culvert 3.36 waterco
35、urse ditch, stream or river 3.37 weir structure in a watercourse or body of water that maintains the water level higher than would be achieved naturally 3.38 wetland area, usually adjacent to watercourses or other bodies of water, that is naturally poorly drained 3.39 windfirm secure against root di
36、sturbance by wind 3.40 windthrow uprooting in high wind conditions BSI 1998 3 BS 7370-5:1998 4 Categories of water and wetland areas 4.1 Running water Running water may include rivers, streams, ditches, drains and flood relief channels, of which the main purpose is to convey water. However small poo
37、ls of relatively static water may be included within its length. The flows and water levels vary with the weather and season of the year. At times they may be relatively static or even dry. Problems associated with watercourses include overflowing, bank and bed erosion, blockages caused by vegetatio
38、n growth, siltation and accumulation of debris, litter, and other forms of pollution. Maintenance should be aimed at keeping a free flow of water and controlling erosion while conserving environmental and recreational functions. 4.2 Still water Still water may include canals, inland marinas, lakes,
39、ponds and pools, water supply and hydro-electric reservoirs (see B.8), storage ponds, balancing ponds or lagoons and flooded gravel pits. The distinguishing feature is that they collect and store water. However, their water level can fluctuate, often very rapidly, both with the weather and seasons o
40、f the year, and as water escapes or is released into or drawn from them. Most have watercourses, drains, and surface run-off flowing into them, and a means by which water can flow naturally out of them. Some have a purpose-built means by which they can be emptied or by which water can be drawn off.
41、Due to their relatively large surface area and volume, there is little apparent flow of water across them. However, wind can produce considerable wave action as can powered boating activities. Problems associated with these relatively static bodies of water may include public safety, eutrophication,
42、 variation of water levels, leakage, bank erosion through wave action, siltation, vegetation growth at the waters edge and pollution. Maintenance activities should include regular inspection of water retaining structures for leakage and possible failure. Level control and draw-off features, such as
43、sluices, valves and overflow weirs and spillways, should be regularly cleaned, inspected and checked to ensure that they are functioning correctly and safely. NOTE Attention is drawn to the Reservoirs Act 1975 1 and B.8 which covers large, raised reservoirs. 4.3 Ornamental water features Ornamental
44、water features include ornamental ponds, artificial streams and channels, cascades and fountains designed for their visual appeal. Maintenance should be aimed at protecting equipment and conserving or enhancing the visual setting whilst minimizing the problems normally associated with stagnation, tu
45、rbidity, leakage, erosion, mechanical/electrical failure and poor design of elements. NOTE For information on the elements of small scale water features which require modification to allow future maintenance, see annex C. 4.4 Swamps, marshes and mires and their development NOTE The detailed manageme
46、nt of swamps, marshes and mires is a subject outside the scope of this standard. However, as these ecotypes are dependent on ground water and water levels, as well as being extremely vulnerable to pollution and human access, knowledge of their development should aid in establishing their principles
47、of maintenance. A swamp, including reed bed areas, is a wetland formed on a mineral based soil which is flooded more or less all the year round. It is usually dominated by the common reed Phragmites australis. A marsh is a wetland with a mineral-based soil, where the summer water level is close to t
48、he soil surface, but seldom rises much above it. As organic matter accumulates on or below the water surface a mire, an area of wet peat develops. Peat is a deposit of modified plant residues formed under wet and restricted oxygen conditions. A bog is a mire formed under continuous waterlogging, whe
49、re there is no access to calcium or more than tiny quantities of plant nutrients. A bog in its actively growing phase is normally dominated by bog moss Sphagnum spp. and a few associates. The surface soil, such as it is, is almost absent, highly acid and dominated by calcifuge plants. A fen is a mire which has developed in a situation where drainage water carries calcium and dissolved plant nutrients into the developing mire. Consequently the flora found in these situations is not calcifuge and contains very many more species. A carr is a fen, wher
