1、BRITISH STANDARDBS 7959-1: 2004Incorporating Corrigendum No.1 Materials used for the control of liquid spillages Part 1: Determination of sorbencyICS 13.020.40; 71.100.99; 75.180.99g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g3
2、6g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS 7959-1:2004This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 19 October 2004 BSI 18 November 2005First published March 2000Second edition October 2004The follow
3、ing BSI references relate to the work on this British Standard:Committee reference CII/63Draft for comment 04/30092197 DCISBN 0 580 44546 1Committees responsible for this British StandardThe preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee CII/63, Chemical spill control, upo
4、n which the following bodies were represented:British Safety Industry FederationCIA Chemical Industries AssociationEnvironment AgencyPersonal Safety Manufacturers AssociationCo-opted membersAmendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Comments15978 18 November 2005Correction to the derived units
5、 for S30in 8.4.2 (litres per metre)BS 7959-1:2004 BSI 18 November 2005iContentsPageCommittees responsible Inside front coverForeword iiIntroduction 11Scope 22 Normative references 23 Terms and definitions 24 Sampling and preparation of test samples 35 Test liquid 36 Determination of sorbency of Type
6、 I materials (web-type) 47 Determination of sorbency of Type II materials (loose material) 68 Determination of sorbency for Type III materials (filled products) 89 Determination of sorbency for Type IV materials (agglomerates) 1010 Determination of sorbency and swell ratio for materials of Type II (
7、loose material) 11Bibliography 15Figure 1 Circular screen 12BS 7959-1:2004ii BSI 18 November 2005ForewordThis British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CII/63. It supersedes BS 7959-1:2000, which is withdrawn.BS 7959-1 gives test methods used for the control of spilled liquids. These
8、 materials, which are generically known as “sorbents”, include those which act by adsorption, absorption and gelling. The test methods generally apply to sorbents of all types, which allows user to make reliable comparisons between materials of different types for specific applications.This new edit
9、ion of the standard differs from the 2000 edition in that four named challenge liquids are now included. Previously the standard allowed any liquid to be used for the test. The change was made to introduce clarity into the marketplace for sorbent materials thus enabling sorbent users to more easily
10、compare information from suppliers and make informed decisions on the use of sorbent products.Sorbent materials are generally available in two basic types. There are hydrophobic grades (so-called oil sorbents) that pick up oils and other organic liquids but repel water and most aqueous solutions. Hy
11、drophilic grades, on the other hand, pick up both oils and organic liquids and most aqueous solutions of chemicals.Named challenge liquids are specified in the standard as this will simplify the information likely to be given to users of sorbent materials. In principle, only two types are needed: on
12、e for hydrophobic materials and one for hydrophilic materials. However, it is widely found that that amount of liquid picked up varies according to the viscosity of the challenge liquid, and viscosity variations are much more widely found in oils than in aqueous solutions. Four hydrophobic challenge
13、 liquids have been included, three representing low, medium and high viscosity oils, and one representing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For hydrophilic materials, water has been chosen rather than a chemical solution on the grounds of safety.BS 7959-2 gives a method for the determination of wat
14、er repellency (buoyancy) for hydrophobic materials.This British Standard calls for the use of substances and/or procedures that may be injurious to health if adequate precautions are not taken. It refers only to technical suitability and does not absolve the user from legal obligations relating to h
15、ealth and safety at any stage.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pagesThis document compris
16、es a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 15 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.BS 7959-1:2004 BSI 18 November 20051IntroductionGood working practices should ensure that liquid spills are prevente
17、d. However, when these do occur, there are many ways in which a liquid spill may be controlled. These include prevention by the use of safe working practices, physical containment either at source or later after the liquid has spread, and removal of the liquid.Removal may be accomplished using sever
18、al different techniques, such as purely mechanical (pumps, skimmers, separators), washdown (where permitted) with solvents or detergents, and the use of materials that immobilize the liquid into a form rendered suitable for physical lift-up. It is these latter materials that form the subject of this
19、 standard.Traditionally, these materials have come to be known by the term “sorbents” and this term has been adopted for the purposes of the standard.Sorbent materials carry out the process of fixing spilt liquids in different ways, of which the following have been clearly identified.a) Adsorption i
20、s a surface process whereby capillary attraction holds the liquid on the external surface of the adsorbent material, and in the void spaces formed by the intrinsic structure of the material.b) Absorption is a process whereby a material picks up and retains a liquid throughout its molecular structure
21、, causing the material to swell.c) Gelling is a process whereby usually a soluble material dissolves in a liquid forming a very viscous, continuous solution which takes on a solid form allowing physical removal. The same effect is sometimes achieved using insoluble materials such as clays.Although t
22、he materials and processes described above are essentially very different, the principal aim of their use is to immobilize and facilitate physical lift-up of the spilled liquid. This part of BS 7959 covers methods of test to determine how much liquid may be picked up by a sorbent material. The word
23、sorbency is used to describe this property.The user of these materials may want to compare and verify suppliers claims for sorbency, therefore a common test methodology is given for sorbents of all types. This allows the user to make reliable comparisons between materials of different types.The test
24、 method for the determination of swell ratio allows the difference between an adsorbent and the other types of sorbent material to be readily distinguished.BS 7959-1:20042 BSI 18 November 20051 ScopeThis part of BS 7959 describes methods of sampling and determining the sorbency of materials used for
25、 the control of liquid spillages.A variety of materials of different composition and format are used in this application and, for the purposes of this standard, the following categories are used.The standard also includes a test (swell ratio test, Clause 10) that will distinguish between absorbents
26、and adsorbents.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the reference cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments).BS 604, Specificati
27、on for graduated glass measuring cylinders.BS 4231, Industrial liquid lubricants ISO viscosity classification.(ISO 3448)BS EN 590, Automotive fuels Diesel Requirements and test methods.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this part of BS 7959, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 abso
28、rptionprocess where the liquid is distributed into the solid body of the materialNOTE This process is usually accompanied by swelling, enabling the volume of liquid absorbed to exceed the free volume of the absorbent.3.2 adsorptionprocess where the liquid is held on the surface of the materialNOTE T
29、his process generally limits the volume of liquid which can be adsorbed to the free volume of the adsorbent, except in the case of high viscosity liquids where the volume of liquid adsorbed is increased by liquid clinging to the external surface.3.3 free volumevolume of interstitial space between pa
30、rticles or fibres which is available for liquid uptakeNOTE As applied to adsorbents, the free volume is the overall volume of the material in the form supplied less the volume of solid adsorbent present. Calculation of the free volume of filled materials allows an assessment to be made of the maximu
31、m volume of liquid that can be adsorbed.3.4 gelationprocess where a gellant or thickener is added to a liquid to increase its viscosity until it becomes a solid or semi-solid Type I web type sheet, pad or roll. Type II: loose material discrete particles of variable size. Type III: filled products so
32、cks, booms, pillows, cushions. Type IV: agglomerates masses of strands for pick-up of viscous liquids. The methods are applicable to sorbent materials of any type.BS 7959-1:2004 BSI 18 November 200533.5 materialsolid product used to pick up spilled liquids by a process of adsorption or absorption or
33、 gelation3.6 sorbencyvolume of liquid which can be picked up by the materialNOTE The test methods allow for calculation of sorbency after a period of draining. The sorbency is normally expressed as the volume of liquid picked up by a given amount of the material.4 Sampling and preparation of test sa
34、mples4.1 Sampling4.1.1 Type I, web-typeWherever possible, take sample pads from the top, middle and bottom of at least one pack in order to cover variability. When sampling, take note of the height of packs to ensure that sampling covers a range of bulk.For rolls, take three sample pieces at least 5
35、0 cm long from the start, middle and end of at least one roll, bearing in mind the remarks concerning variations in roll bulk. Discard the first 50 cm to 1 m on the roll, which might be damaged by handling.Weigh the full packs of pads or rolls before sampling.Handle the materials carefully to avoid
36、compression.4.1.2 Type II, loose materialWhere possible, take three samples of at least one litre of sorbent from the top, middle and bottom of at least one bag of material. Where the material is packed by volume, weigh the pack before sampling.4.1.3 Type III, filled productsWhere the size of the in
37、dividual piece permits it to be tested whole, take three whole pieces from at least one pack.For larger booms and other filled products, where the size prohibits easy handling in the laboratory, it is permissible to section it down into more manageable lengths (e.g. 1 m or less) as described in 8.3.
38、1. Where possible, make three test pieces.4.1.4 Type IV, agglomeratesUsually a single agglomerate is of a suitable size for testing. In this case, take three pieces from at least one pack. Where the agglomerate is too large, it may be reduced providing the strands are fixed together as in the origin
39、al material. Where the agglomerate is supplied in continuous bulk form, take samples of size to fit the test apparatus. Weigh the full pack before sampling.4.2 Preparation and conditioning of the materialRemove all materials for test from their original packaging and allow them to attain a temperatu
40、re of 20 C 5 C.5 Test liquidThe test liquid shall be one of the following liquids:a) diesel fuel (conforming to BS EN 590), representing low viscosity oils;b) hydraulic oil (viscosity grade ISO VG 32; see BS 4231), representing medium viscosity oils;c) motor oil (SAE 10W-40), representing high visco
41、sity oils;d) xylene (minimum 99 % purity, general purpose reagent), representing VOCs;e) deionized water, representing aqueous solutions.BS 7959-1:20044 BSI 18 November 20056 Determination of sorbency of Type I materials (web-type)6.1 PrincipleA preweighed test piece of fixed size is allowed to satu
42、rate completely in the test liquid. It is then removed and hung vertically to allow it to drain.After a standard draining time, it is reweighed allowing calculation of the sorbency after draining.The temperature of the test liquid is 20 C 2 C.6.2 Apparatus6.2.1 Ordinary laboratory apparatus.6.2.2 “S
43、” hook, made from metal paper clip or fine point tweezers.6.2.3 Balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0.01 g.6.2.4 Stopwatch or stopclock.6.2.5 Water bath or other apparatus, capable of maintaining the test liquid at 20 C 2 C.6.3 Procedure6.3.1 Test pieceUsing a 100 mm 100 mm square blank or o
44、ther method, mark and then cut out from the middle of the pad or roll a (100 2) mm (100 2) mm test square. Take care to handle the material in a way that avoids compression. Weigh the test piece and record the mass, WP.6.3.2 Preparation of test liquidFill a container, of area at least double that of
45、 the test piece, with the liquid to a depth of at least 30 mm or twice the depth of the sorbent web, whichever is greater. Adjust the temperature of the test liquid to 20 C 2 C and ensure that it remains within this range during the test, preferably by use of the water bath.6.3.3 DeterminationIf usi
46、ng an “S” hook, attach it through a corner of the test piece. Take a receptacle, A, of sufficient size to hold the saturated test piece (e.g. a plastic tub or glass beaker) and weigh this with the “S” hook, if used, recording the mass as WA1.Place the test piece on the surface of the liquid. Using a
47、 stopwatch or stopclock, measure the time taken for the liquid to reach visual saturation.Immerse the test piece in the liquid for a further 2 min after saturation.NOTE With very dense liquids, the test piece might need to be held down.Using tweezers or the “S” hook, remove and immediately hang or h
48、old the test piece vertically from a corner and allow it to drain. After 30 s, transfer the test piece, with the “S” hook if used, to receptacle A. Weigh receptacle A with the test piece and “S” hook, recording the mass as WA2.BS 7959-1:2004 BSI 18 November 200556.4 Calculation of sorbencyCalculate
49、the sorbency after 30 s draining, S30, in litres per kilogram, using the equation:whereNOTE The sorbency of a larger unit of material (e.g. single pad or sheet; pack of pads; whole roll) might also be calculated by extrapolation from the mass of the pack.6.5 Test reportThe test report shall include the following information:a) name and description of material;b) supplier/manufacturer and product code;c) method of sampling used;d) date of test;e) reference to this British Standard;f) liquid reference and name as specified in Clause 5;g) t
