1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS 8576:2013Guidance on investigationsfor ground gas Permanentgases and Volatile OrganicCompounds (VOCs)Publishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in
2、this document indicates when the documentwas last issued. The British Standards Institution 2013Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 75667 2ICS 13.080.01The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference EH/4Draft for comment 12/30248026DCPublicatio
3、n historyFirst published April 2013Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS 8576:2013 BRITISH STANDARDContentsForeword iii1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions 24 General 45 Health and safety 56 Development of preliminary conceptual model and preliminary riskassessm
4、ent 77 Setting objectives 138 Developing the investigation strategy 138.1 General considerations 138.2 Preparation of monitoring and sampling plan 158.3 Installation options 168.4 Location of monitoring installations 248.5 Response zones (monitoring depths) 258.6 Timing and frequency of monitoring o
5、f permanent gases 268.7 Deciding the appropriate level of gas monitoring of permanent gases 318.8 Timing and frequency of monitoring of VOCs 328.9 Personnel 329 Field work permanent gases 339.1 General considerations 339.2 Construction of gas monitoring wells 349.3 Instruments for on-site use 429.4
6、Recording information when monitoring or sampling 499.5 Making on-site measurements 499.6 Sampling for laboratory measurements 539.7 Storage and transport of samples for laboratory analysis 5410 Field work VOCs 5410.1 General considerations 5410.2 Construction of unsaturated zone gas monitoring well
7、s to sample forVOCs 5410.3 Construction of near-surface monitoring ports to sample VOCs in groundgas 5910.4 Installation of a flux box to sample VOCs in ground gas 6010.5 Instruments for on-site use 6110.6 Recording information when monitoring or sampling 6210.7 Making on-site measurements 6310.8 Sa
8、mpling for laboratory measurements 6310.9 Storage and transport of samples for laboratory analysis 6811 Monitoring and sampling reports 6912 Quality assurance 7012.1 General 7012.2 Field checks on instruments 7012.3 Calibration of instruments 7012.4 Chain of custody 7112.5 Quality control samples 71
9、13 Refining the conceptual model 7314 Report on the investigation 73AnnexesAnnex A (informative) Regulation of land contamination 74Annex B (informative) Radon 78Annex C (informative) Anaerobic degradation and the formation of methaneand carbon dioxide 85Annex D (informative) Sources, properties and
10、 hazards of selected gases 87Annex E (informative) Sampling protocols Permanent gases 94BRITISH STANDARD BS 8576:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 iAnnex F (informative) Assessment of whether sufficient gas monitoring datahave been collected 95Annex G (informative) Portable equipment for m
11、easurement of concentrationsof permanent gases 98Annex H (informative) Apparatus for measurement of gas-flow rate 100Annex I (informative) Installation and sampling train leakage tests 101Bibliography 104List of figuresFigure 1 Example conceptual model cross section and targeted response zonesfor pe
12、rmanent gases 9Figure 2 Example conceptual model cross section and targeted response zonesfor permanent gases 10Figure 3 Example of conceptual model cross section and targeted responsezones for VOCs 11Figure 4 Key ground gas ingress routes and accumulation areas withinbuildings 12Figure 5 High-frequ
13、ency data 29Figure 6 Decision matrix for initial monitoring 31Figure7Typical well design 36Figure 8 Driven monitoring probe 40Figure 9 Small diameter sampling probes for gas monitoring 41Figure 10 Example monitoring well construction for collection of ground gassamples for VOCs analysis 58Figure C.1
14、 Decomposition of domestic waste 86Figure I.1 Potential sources of leakage when collecting ground gassamples 102List of tablesTable 1 Methods of intrusive investigation that can also be used for samplingof permanent gases 18Table 2 Minimum specifications for ground gas analysis 43Table 3 Portable eq
15、uipment to measure permanent gases 44Table 4 Portable equipment to measure flow rates and borehole pressure 45Table 5 Options for monitoring well installations to sample VOCs in groundgases in the unsaturated zone 56Table 6 Portable equipment to measure VOCs in ground gases 61Table 7 Containers and
16、adsorbent devices for sampling ground gas for VOCsanalysis 65Table 8 Acceptance criteria for quality control samples 73Table B.1 Results of screening measurements and conclusions 80Table D.1 Effects of carbon monoxide 89Table E.1 Pre-site checks 94Table E.2 Calibration chart 94Table E.3 Meteorologic
17、al conditions 94Table E.4 Actions at each sampling point 95Table E.5 Monitoring results during sampling 95Table F.1 Assessing sufficiency of data 96Table F.2 Summary of data 96Table F.3 Assessing sufficiency of data 97Table G.1 Portable equipment to measure permanent gases 98Table H.1 Apparatus for
18、measuring gas flow rate 100Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to vi,pages 1 to 110, an inside back cover and a back cover.BRITISH STANDARDBS 8576:2013ii The British Standards Institution 2013ForewordPublishing informationThis British Standard is pub
19、lished by BSI Standards Limited, under licence fromThe British Standards Institution, and came into effect on 30 April 2013. It wasprepared by Technical Committee EH/4, Soil Quality. A list of organizationsrepresented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Information about th
20、is documentThis standard is intended to be read in conjunction with BS 10175, Investigationof potentially contaminated sites Code of practice.Test laboratory accreditation. Users of this British Standard are advised toconsider the desirability of selecting test laboratories that are accreditedto BS
21、EN ISO/IEC 17025 by a national or international accreditation body.Use of this documentAs a guide, this British Standard takes the form of guidance andrecommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification or a codeof practice and claims of compliance cannot be made to it.Presentatio
22、nal conventionsThe guidance in this standard is presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Anyrecommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliaryverb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented insmaller italic type, and does not constitute
23、a normative element.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legalobligations.BRITISH STANDARD BS 8576:2
24、013 The British Standards Institution 2013 iiiIntroductionThis standard, which is intended to be used in conjunction with BS 10175,provides guidance on the monitoring and sampling of ground gases. It coversvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) and permanent gases such as carbon dioxide,methane and oxyge
25、n with particular reference to development sites and therisks posed by gassing sites to neighbouring land and developments. However, itis also relevant to investigations under Part 2A of the Environmental ProtectionAct 1990 1 and under the Environmental Damage Regulations 2 (e.g. inrespect of spills
26、 of oils, etc.).A variety of gases might be present in the ground naturally, or as a result ofcontamination, or deposition of wastes. In addition to the main componentsfound in air (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide), ground gas can contain othergases (methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammo
27、nia, helium, neon,argon, xenon, radon, etc.). It can also contain volatile organic compounds orinorganic vapours (mercury) which are of special interest in relation to theinvestigation of soil and groundwater contamination.In order to complete an assessment of the risks posed by the presence ofperma
28、nent and other ground gases, it is necessary to understand the potentialsources of gas in and around a site. It is important to collect information on theother aspects of the site, including for example the history of the site, thenatural and man-made geology of the site and surrounding areas, thehy
29、drogeological regime, and the uses of the site and surrounding land. It is alsouseful to collect data on the nature of man-made soils including measurementsof organic carbon content. These aspects are dealt with in BS 10175.This information is used to develop a conceptual model of the site andsurrou
30、nding area. The conceptual model is a description and/or representationof the site, incorporating what is known about the ground and groundwaterconditions; the actual and potential contamination; the actual or potentialpresence of naturally occurring hazardous substances; the physical conditionsand
31、environmental setting; the receptors; and potential pathway linkagesbetween contamination sources and receptors.Development of the conceptual model requires an understanding of both theshort-term (e.g. explosion or asphyxiation) and long-term hazards posed by thepermanent gases and VOCs that might b
32、e present. Some relevant information isprovided in Annex D of this standard.Depending upon the objectives of the investigation, it could be relevant toconsider new future receptors associated with the construction and completionof a new development, as well as existing receptors. Potential changes i
33、n theenvironmental setting (e.g. rising ground and surface water level) might also berelevant. The conceptual model leads to the formulation ofcontamination-related and other hypotheses, which the investigation processexamines through the collection of relevant data.The conceptual model is first for
34、mulated during the preliminary investigation(desk study and site reconnaissance) and informs subsequent investigations, ifthese are necessary, to meet the objectives of the overall investigation. One ofthe objectives will be reduction of uncertainty in the conceptual model.Consequently, the conceptu
35、al model is subject to regular review and updating asthe work progresses.BRITISH STANDARDBS 8576:2013iv The British Standards Institution 2013Site investigation is an integral part of risk assessment (see CLR 11 3) andthroughout this standard, the need for the information requirements forsatisfactor
36、y risk assessment to inform the design of the site investigationprogramme is emphasized. However, there will be occasions where a riskassessment has been completed, and the primary purpose of the investigation isto collect additional information to aid design of protective measures, whilst ofcourse,
37、 using the newly collected information to refine the risk assessment.Guidance is not provided on risk evaluation and characterization but guidancecan be found in CIRIA C665 4, CIRIA Report C682 5, Ground Gas Handbook 6and Guidance on managing the risk of hazardous gases when drilling near coal7. A h
38、azard-fault/event-consequence probability analysis might be requiredwhen dealing with gas (see CIRIA report 152, Risk assessment for methane andother gases in the ground 8). BS 8485, which is expected to be revised afterpublication of this standard (April 2013), gives recommendations and describesme
39、thods for the assessment of methane and carbon dioxide during newdevelopment of affected sites and appropriate protective measures forbuildings. It does not consider ground gases other than methane and carbondioxide. Guidance on protective measures has also been published by others (seereferences 9
40、to 13 in the Bibliography).Carbon dioxide and methane are both powerful greenhouse gases and theiruncontrolled release from landfills, etc. into the atmosphere is of concern inrespect of their potential to contribute to climate change (in this sense theatmosphere is a receptor). The investigation of
41、 landfills, coal mines and otherpotential sources in order to design schemes for collection and/or beneficial useof gaseous emissions is outside the scope of this standard. Guidance on this hasbeen published by the Environment Agency and others (see Bibliography foruseful further reading).The design
42、 of control measures (e.g. to prevent gas migration to adjacent land)and protective measures for buildings and other structures is outside the scopeof this standard. However, when selecting such measures, it is advisable toconsider the possible effects of the proposed measures on climate change inac
43、cordance with national policy.As far as practical, the guidance on investigations for permanent gases andVOCs is provided together in an integrated text. Only where the approachrequired differs are they dealt with separately. It is important to consider themtogether rather than as separate issues be
44、cause they commonly occur together.For example, petroleum hydrocarbons will degrade to form carbon dioxideunder aerobic conditions and to form carbon dioxide and methane underanaerobic conditions. Indeed, the presence of carbon dioxide and/or methane isa powerful indicator that natural attenuation o
45、f hydrocarbons is taking place.Similarly, tipped wastes sometimes contain soil contaminated with VOCs and/ordrums of VOCs. Radon could also be present in conjunction with other gases andVOCs.BS 10175 advises early consultation with regulators when potentiallycontaminated sites are to be investigated
46、. This advice applies equally toinvestigations for ground gas. Annex A describes the regulatory framework inthe UK in March 2013 and the roles performed by different regulators. It isexpected that Annex A of this standard will supersede BS 10175:2011, Annex I,when BS 10175 is amended to take account
47、 of the publication of this standard.BRITISH STANDARD BS 8576:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 vBRITISH STANDARDBS 8576:2013This page deliberately left blankvi The British Standards Institution 20131 ScopeThis British Standard provides guidance on the monitoring and sampling ofground gase
48、s. It covers volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and permanent gasessuch as carbon dioxide, methane and oxygen. It is intended to be read inconjunction with BS 10175.Guidance is not provided on: risk evaluation and characterization;NOTE 1 Guidance can be found in CLR 11 3, CIRIA C665 4, CIRIA C682 5 a
49、nd theGround Gas Handbook 6. selection and design of protective measures; the verification of protective measures, although the site investigationmethodologies described can be used when appropriate; the sampling of atmospheric gases; monitoring and sampling for radon.NOTE 2 Radon occurs naturally at varying concentrations in large parts of theUnited Kingdom. It is commonly present in mine gas and can also be released fromgroundwater when it is extracted from the gro
