1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTDD CEN/TS 15324:2008Bitumen and bituminous binders Determination of equiviscous temperature based on Low Shear Viscosity using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer in low frequency oscillation modeICS 91.100.50g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44
2、g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58DD CEN/TS 15324:2008This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 55732 3Nation
3、al forewordThis Draft for Development is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 15324:2008.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so t
4、hat information and experience of its practical application can be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this publication
5、 will be initiated not later than three years after its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to the replies receive
6、d by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British
7、 Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/19, Bitumen and related products.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its s
8、ecretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSPCIFICATION TECHNIQUETECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATIONCEN/TS 15324April 2008IC
9、S 91.100.50English VersionBitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of equiviscoustemperature based on Low Shear Viscosity using a DynamicShear Rheometer in low frequency oscillation modeBitumes et liants bitumineux - Dtermination de latemprature dquiviscosit base sur la mesure de laviscosit fa
10、ible taux de cisaillement utilisant un rhomtre cisaillement dynamique (DSR) en mode oscillatoire basse frquenceBitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel - Bestimmung derquiviskosittstemperatur basierend auf Viskositt beiniedriger Schergeschwindigkeit mit Hilfe einesdynamischen Scher-Rheometers in niede
11、rfrequentemSchwingungsmodusThis Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 23 March 2007 for provisional application.The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit theircomments, particularly on t
12、he question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS availablepromptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national st
13、andards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Icel
14、and, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stas
15、sart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TS 15324:2008: E2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Principle7 5 Apparatus .7 6 Preparation of rheom
16、eter and specimen.8 7 Procedure .9 8 Expression of results 11 9 Precision.12 10 Test reports 13 Annex A (informative) Test examples .14 Annex B (informative) Temperature verification procedure .23 Bibliography 24 CEN/TS 15324:20083 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15324:2008) has been prepared by Tech
17、nical Committee CEN/TC 336 “Bituminous binders”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent ri
18、ghts. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irela
19、nd, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. CEN/TS 15324:20084 1 Scope This document describes the determination of the EquiViscous Temperature (EVT) of bitumen or bituminous b
20、inder samples, based on a defined, practice related Low Shear Viscosity (LSV), using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) in low frequency oscillation mode. The EquiViscous Temperature (EVT) measured by this binder test is seen as a performance indicator for the partial contribution of the bituminous bin
21、der to the rutting resistance of the compacted asphalt mixture under service conditions at elevated pavement temperatures. The test method described in this document is applicable to unaged, aged and recovered bituminous binders including Polymer Modified Binders (PMBs). WARNING Use of this document
22、 can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regu
23、latory limitations prior to use. Since this document involves handling apparatus and binders at high temperatures, always wear protective gloves and eye glasses when handling hot binder, and avoid contact with any exposed skin. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensa
24、ble for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12594, Bitumen and bituminous binders Preparation of test samples ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (truenes
25、s and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 complex shear modulus G* “sin
26、cos*iGGGiGeGGi+=+= (i2=-1) (1) where G* is the complex shear modulus, expressed in Pascal (Pa); *is the harmonic, sinusoidal shear stress, expressed in Pascal (Pa); * is the harmonic, sinusoidal shear strain; *G is the norm of the complex shear modulus, ratio of peak stress to peak strain in harmoni
27、c, sinusoidal oscillation; is the phase angle of the complex shear modulus, shift between stress and strain in harmonic, sinusoidal oscillation; CEN/TS 15324:20085 G is the real part of the complex shear modulus (storage modulus); G” is the imaginary part of the complex shear modulus (loss modulus)
28、3.2 complex viscosity * “*= iGiGiG *is the harmonic, sinusoidal shear stress, expressed in Pascal (Pa); is the real part of the complex viscosity (dynamic viscosity); ” is the imaginary part of the complex viscosity; is the angular frequency, expressed in radian/second (rad/s). = * : norm of complex
29、 viscosity, ratio of peak shear stress to peak shear rate in harmonic sinusoidal oscillation, in (Pa s); (Hz) 6,28318s) / (rad f= (4) where f : frequency of sinusoidal oscillation, in Hz. 3.3 Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV), 0dynamic viscosity of bitumen depends on the shear stress or shear strain rate l
30、evel (i.e. non-Newtonian substance) The shear thinning or pseudo-plastic behaviour is characterised by decreasing viscosity with increasing shear stress or shear rate between two well defined values: ”Zero Shear Viscosity” 0 at zero and “Limiting Viscosity” at infinitely high shear stress or shear r
31、ate (Figure 1). The dynamic viscosity in the intermediate domain between 0andis called “Apparent Viscosity” because it depends on the (incident) loading conditions CEN/TS 15324:20086 Key X log shear stress , or log shear rate CEN/TS 15324:20089 directly pouring onto the test plate. In the latter cas
32、e, pour sufficient binder from the vial onto the test geometry for there to be an excess appropriate to the measuring geometry chosen. Discard any binder remaining in the vial. If preferred, weigh the required quantity of binder directly on to the approximate centre of the measuring geometry being u
33、sed. Proceed to sub-clause 6.4. If using moulds, pour sufficient binder into the mould. To avoid successive sample heating, several specimens may be prepared at this stage. Discard any binder remaining in the vial. Store the covered moulds or sheet material at ambient temperature before testing. Any
34、 specimen not tested within 7 days shall be discarded. To minimise the effect of sample preparation, it is advised to pour the specimens 24 h before measuring. Before testing, if necessary, place the specimens in a refrigerator (approximately 5 C) to allow them to stiffen for proper, deformation-fre
35、e release from the moulds. To avoid physical hardening, it is recommended not to leave the specimens in the cool chamber for any longer than the time needed to obtain proper stiffness. The recommended time is approximately 10 min and shall not exceed 30 min. Release the specimens from the moulds. Wi
36、pe away any release agent that may have been used. Attach the specimen to the clean, dry test plate. 6.4 Setting the gap and trimming the specimen After the specimen has been loaded into the rheometer as described above, bring the rheometer to the selected gap setting + 0,05 mm. Trim any excess bind
37、er with a knife or spatula. The tool may be heated on a hot plate or with a flame. After trimming, raise or lower the opposing plate to the set testing gap ( 0,01 mm). Do not trim at this stage. If the test specimen does not cover the whole measuring plate (indicated by a slight bulging at the perip
38、hery of the test specimen), remove it and re-prepare the rheometer plates, and prepare a fresh test specimen. NOTE Good bonding of the specimen to the plates is a prerequisite for successful testing. The bonding depends on the temperature of the plates at the start of the test. If the test temperatu
39、re is lower than 40 C, it is necessary to briefly increase the temperature without exceeding the presumed softening point to ensure the binder adheres to the test plates. 7 Procedure 7.1 Test Part 1, temperature sweep: determination of EVT1 Set up the rheometer to test in the oscillatory mode (see N
40、OTE 1). The temperature sweep shall run from lower temperature to higher temperature, monitoring at least two full cycles at each test temperature (see NOTE 2 and NOTE 3). Allow sufficient time to reach thermal equilibrium at each step (see NOTE 4). The applied strain has to be within the linear vis
41、coelastic region (see NOTE 5). For every temperature increment, calculate the Low Shear Viscosity G* is the complex shear modulus, expressed in kiloPascal (kPa). If the nature of the test sample is unknown or the polymer concentration of a PMB sample exceeds a level that is typical for standard pavi
42、ng PMB, the region of the linear viscoelastic behaviour has to be experimentally determined. This can be done also in the DSR equipment by an amplitude sweep with an extra part of the sample material at a test temperature near EVT1. During the amplitude sweep the complex modulus has to be determined
43、 as a function of the applied strain. The horizontal part of the curve represents the linear viscoelastic region. The strain target should be a value not higher than two-third of the maximum strain value within the linear viscoelastic region. NOTE 6 1b) type and complete identification of the sample
44、 under test; c) reference to this European standard; d) date of the test; e) test plate diameter, to the nearest 0,1 mm and gap, to the nearest 1 m; f) target strain , to the nearest 0,001; g) target frequency f, to the nearest 0,001 Hz; h) chosen value 1i) temperature EVT1, to the nearest 0,1 C; j)
45、 plots according to Figure A.1 and Figure A.3. NOTE 1 For gaining experience with this new test method it is recommended to add the primary test results according to Table A.1 and Table A.3, including phase angle to the test reports. If Test Part 2 has been carried out, the test report shall also co
46、ntain the following information: k) minimum and maximum frequency f of the frequency sweep, to the nearest 0,001 Hz; l) target strain , to the nearest 0,001; m) frequency at which 2n) viscosity 2o) temperature EVT2, to the nearest 0,1 C; p) plots according to Figure A.2 (and Figure A.4). NOTE 2 For
47、gaining experience with this new test method it is recommended to add the primary test results according to Table A.2 and Table A.4 including phase angle to the test reports. For both test parts, the test report shall contain the following information: q) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, fr
48、om the procedure specified in this standard. CEN/TS 15324:200814 Annex A (informative) Test examples A.1 General Two test examples are shown to demonstrate the procedure. Although valid according to the present standard, the test conditions used in these examples are not the values recommended by th
49、e standard. A.2 Test example 1: bitumen 1 (paving grade bitumen) A.2.1 General Rheometer type: XYZ123 Test set-up: 25 mm parallel plates, 1mm gap. A.2.2 Test Part 1: determination of EVT1 (for &= 2,0 kPa.s) Test conditions: f = 0,0159 Hz, = 0,1 A temperature sweep is performed from 30 C up to 55 C (see Table A.1). CEN/TS 15324:200815 Table A.1 Temperature sweep at f = 0,0159 Hz, = 0,1 Temperature G* C Pa Pa.s 30,0 31,0 32,0 33,0
