1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationDD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisturecontent using the oven drymethodPart 1: Determination of total moisture by areference methodDD CEN/TS 15414-1
2、:2010 DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTNational forewordThis Draft for Development is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 15414-1:2010. It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 which iswithdrawn.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of public
3、ationsand is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on thisprovisional basis, so that information and experience of its practicalapplication can be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Developmentare requested so that UK experience can be reported to theinternational organ
4、ization responsible for its conversion toan international standard. A review of this publication willbe initiated not later than 3 years after its publication by theinternational organization so that a decision can be taken on itsstatus. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in
5、an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to the replies received by the end of the review period,the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support theconversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of theTechnical Specification or to withdraw it
6、. Comments should be sentto the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at BritishStandards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committ
7、ee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 69176 8ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal oblig
8、ations.This Draft for Development was published under the authority ofthe Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2010.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedDD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15414-1 June 2
9、010 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15414-1:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method - Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination de lhumidit par la mthode de schage lt
10、uve - Partie 1 : Dtermination de lhumidit totale par une mthode de rfrence Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Wassergehaltes unter Verwendung des Verfahrens der Ofentrocknung - Teil 1: Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Wasser mittels Referenzverfahren This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was
11、approved by CEN on 27 March 2010 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Sta
12、ndard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final deci
13、sion about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, M
14、alta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of ex
15、ploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15414-1:2010: EDD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010CEN/TS 15414-1:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 31 Scope 42 Normative references 43 Terms and definitions .44 Principle 45 Apparatus .46 Sampling and sample prep
16、aration .57 Procedure .58 Calculation 69 Precision .710 Test report 7Bibliography 8DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010CEN/TS 15414-1:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15414-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. Attent
17、ion is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15414-1:2006. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulati
18、ons, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, M
19、alta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010CEN/TS 15414-1:2010 (E) 4 1 Scope This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuel
20、s by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels. NOTE 1 The total moisture content of solid recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised con
21、ditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations. NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can
22、 evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying. NOTE 3 This Technical Specification is based on prEN 14774-1 1. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Specification. For dated references, only the edition cited a
23、pplies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prEN 15357, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions prEN 15442, Solid recovered fuels Methods for sampling prEN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the prepa
24、ration of the laboratory sample 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15357 apply. 4 Principle The sample of recovered fuel is dried at a temperature of 105 C in air atmosphere until constant mass is reached. The percentage
25、of moisture is calculated from the loss in mass of the sample. The method includes a procedure for the correction of buoyancy effects. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Drying oven, capable of being controlled at (105 2) C (see declaration of the manufacturer) and in which the air atmosphere changes between three and
26、 five times per hour. The air velocity shall be such that the sample particles are not dislodged from their dish or tray (5.2). 5.2 Dishes or trays of non-corrodible and heat-resistant material and of such dimensions that they are able to hold the total sample in the proportion of about 1 g of sampl
27、e per 100 mm2of surface area of the dish or tray respectively of about 0,5 g per 100 mm2for samples with very low bulk density of less than 100 kg/m3. The surface of the dish or tray shall be such that the possibility to adsorption/absorption is minimised (very clean and even surface). 5.3 Balance,
28、capable of weighing the sample and dish or tray (5.2), as received, to the nearest 0,1 g. DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010CEN/TS 15414-1:2010 (E) 5 6 Sampling and sample preparation 6.1 The sample shall be taken and prepared in accordance with prEN 15442 and prEN 15443. It shall be delivered into the laborato
29、ry in sealed water resistant and airtight containers or bags. NOTE Precautions should be carried out to ensure that the moisture content remains constant during preparation of the sample. Coarse materials, for example, small wood and chunk wood, should be prepared by using equipment appropriate for
30、the fuel type, e.g. slow rotation grinder, shredder, to a thickness of maximum 30 mm for the test material. 6.2 The sample shall be weighed immediately after the sample preparation. The sample mass shall be at least 300 g but preferably greater than 500 g. NOTE 1 Solid recovered fuels are heterogene
31、ous materials in many cases. Therefore, a sample size of minimum 300 g is necessary to obtain representative test portions. NOTE 2 For large particle size samples with a nominal top size of 100 mm, a sample mass of 1 kg to 2 kg should be preferred. 6.3 During the course of its preparation, the sampl
32、e may be pre-dried (see prEN 15443); in this case the total moisture content shall be calculated using Equation (2) (see 8.2). 7 Procedure 7.1 Weigh an empty clean dish or tray (5.2) to the nearest 0,1 g, transfer the sample from the container or bag to the dish or tray and spread the sample evenly,
33、 allowing about 1 g of sample to 100 mm2of surface area of the dish or tray respectively of about 0,5 g of sample per 100 mm2in the case that the bulk density of the sample is less than 100 kg/m3. Weigh an identical empty clean dish or tray (reference dish respectively tray) to the nearest 0,1 g. In
34、 case of moisture left on the inner surfaces of the bag or container, this amount of moisture shall be included in the calculation of the moisture content. Dry the sample packing (container, bag etc.) in the drying oven (5.1) and weigh the packing before and after drying. If the packing material can
35、not resist a temperature of 105 C, it shall be allowed to dry at room temperature by placing it open in the laboratory. NOTE 1 A reference dish respectively reference tray is included in the procedure for a correction of buoyancy. To avoid absorption of moisture from the atmosphere, the dish or tray
36、 (5.2) with the dried sample is reweighed when still hot. The mass of a dish or tray when still hot is, due to buoyancy, less than the mass of the cold dish or tray. The magnitude of the buoyancy effect depends on the size and the mass of the dish or tray. NOTE 2 Several dishes or trays can be handl
37、ed at the same time. 7.2 Weigh the dish or tray (5.2) together with the sample. Place the loaded dish or tray together with the reference tray in the drying oven (5.1) controlled at (105 2) C. Heat the dish or tray (5.2) until constant mass is reached as specified in 7.3. Do not overload the drying
38、oven (5.1). NOTE There should be enough empty room over the sample layer and also between the dishes or trays. WARNING For some materials present in solid recovered fuels there can be a risk of self-ignition when drying at 105 C. 7.3 Solid recovered fuels are hygroscopic and therefore the loaded dis
39、h or tray (5.2) together with the reference dish or tray shall be re-weighed to the nearest 0,1 g when still hot within 10 s to 15 s to avoid absorption of moisture. Use heat-insulating material on the balance pan to protect it from direct contact with the hot dish/tray. Mass constancy is reached if
40、 the change of mass not exceeds 0,2 % of the total loss in mass during a further period of heating at (105 2) C over a duration of 60 min. The drying time required depends on the particle size of the sample, the rate of atmosphere change in the drying oven (5.1), the thickness of the sample layer et
41、c. DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010CEN/TS 15414-1:2010 (E) 6 NOTE 1 Generally the drying time should not exceed 24 h to prevent unnecessary losses of volatile compounds. NOTE 2 The required drying time should be determined in pre-tests on similar fuel types with comparable particle size. 8 Calculation 8.1 Gen
42、eral The total moisture content shall be calculated on wet basis using Equation (1) as given in 8.2. The relationship between total moisture on wet basis to that on dry basis is given by the Equations (3) and (4) (see 8.3). The test result shall be reported related on wet or dry basis. The result fo
43、r each individual determination shall be calculated to two decimal places and the mean value of the individual results shall be calculated and rounded to the nearest 0,1 %. The mean value shall be recorded in the test report. 8.2 Moisture content on wet basis The moisture content, Mar, in the solid
44、recovered fuel, as received, expressed as mass fraction in percent, shall be calculated using Equation (1): 100)()()61265432ar+(=mmmmmmmmM (1) where m1is the mass of the empty dish or tray (5.2), in grams; m2is the mass of the loaded dish or tray (5.2) before drying, in grams; m3is the mass of the l
45、oaded dish or tray (5.2) after drying, in grams; m4is the mass of the reference dish or tray (5.2) before drying (mass at room temperature), in grams; m5is the mass of the reference dish or tray (5.2) after drying (mass when still hot), in grams; m6is the mass of moisture associated with the packing
46、, in grams. If the sample was pre-dried before this moisture determination (see 6.3), calculate the total moisture, MT, expressed as a percentage by mass, using Equation (2): +=1001prpTMMMM (2) where Mpis the loss of moisture caused by pre-drying of the original sample, in percent by mass; Mris the
47、residual moisture determined in the pre-dried sample by this procedure, in percent by mass. DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2010CEN/TS 15414-1:2010 (E) 7 8.3 Moisture content on dry basis The relation between moisture on dry basis, Ud, or wet basis, Mar, expressed as mass fraction in percent, shall be calculated
48、using the Equations (3) and (4): 100100arard=MMU (3) 100100ddar+=UUM (4) 9 Precision Because of the varying nature of the solid recovered fuels covered by this Technical Specification, at the present time it is not possible to give a precision statement (repeatability or reproducibility) for this te
49、st method. 10 Test report The test report shall include at least the following information: a) name of the testing laboratory; b) date of the test; c) identification of the product or sample tested; d) reference to this Technical Specification, i.e. CEN/TS 15414-1; e) any deviation from this Technical Specification; f) test results and basis of calculation, e.g. wet basis or dry basis, according to Clause 8; g) any unusual features observed during the test procedure which may have
