1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationDD CEN/TS 15945:2011Packaging Ease of opening Criteria and test methodsfor evaluating consumerpackagingDD CEN/TS 15945:2011 DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTNational forewordThis Draft for D
2、evelopment is the UK implementation of CEN/TS15945:2011.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publicationsand is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on thisprovisional basis, so that information and experience
3、 of its practicalapplication can be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Developmentare requested so that UK experience can be reported to theinternational organization responsible for its conversion toan international standard. A review of this publication willbe initiated not l
4、ater than 3 years after its publication by theinternational organization so that a decision can be taken on itsstatus. Notification of the start of the review period will be made inan announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to the replies received by the end of the review
5、 period,the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support theconversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of theTechnical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sentto the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at BritishStandards House, 389 Chi
6、swick High Road, London W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PKW/0/-/12, Packaging - Ease of opening.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the nec
7、essaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 67381 8ICS 55.020Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Draft for Development was published under the authority ofthe Standards Policy and Strategy C
8、ommittee on 30 April 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedDD CEN/TS 15945:2011TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15945 March 2011 ICS 55.020 English Version Packaging - Ease of opening - Criteria and test methods for evaluating consume
9、r packaging Emballage - Facilit douverture - Critres et mthodes dessai pour valuer un emballage destin aux consommateurs Verpackung - Leichtes ffnen - Kriterien und Prfverfahren fr die Bewertung von Verbraucherpackungen This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 17 January 2011 for
10、 provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to a
11、nnounce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion o
12、f the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, P
13、ortugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any me
14、ans reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15945:2011: EDD CEN/TS 15945:2011CEN/TS 15945:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Criteria for ease of opening of packaging .65 Test methods 7Annex A (normative
15、) Consumer panel test for ease of opening 9A.1 Panel test method 9A.1.1 General 9A.1.2 Flow chart describing panel test . 11A.1.3 Test procedure 11A.1.4 Evaluation of results 12A.2 Results . 13A.2.1 Test report . 13A.2.2 Test protocol . 15Bibliography . 16DD CEN/TS 15945:2011CEN/TS 15945:2011 (E) 3
16、Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15945:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be
17、 held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark
18、, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. DD CEN/TS 15945:2011CEN/TS 15945:2011 (E) 4 Introduction Ease of
19、 opening is an important factor when designing consumer packaging, as it is important that consumers of all ages, and of both genders, should be able to access the contents of the package. Consumers may ultimately avoid the purchase of a particular type of packaging which has proved consistently to
20、be difficult to open. It is recognised that there is a difference in strength on average between male and female consumers. Knowing that strength in the hands reduces with age, a panel test method that focuses on elderly consumers, with less than the average hand strength, can help to gain a new per
21、spective on the ease of opening of packaging. Packaging that is easy to open for elderly consumers will, in most cases, be easy for the average consumer to open. It is recognised that there will be consumers with extreme impairment that this specification cannot represent. To present valid mechanica
22、l test methods for the wide range of packaging present on the market today is not possible in this specification at this time. A test protocol inspired by the principles described in the ISO 20282 series of standards is therefore used in Annex A. However, it should be noted that mechanical testing a
23、nd sensory test by trained panel are useful tools when developing easy to open packaging or for quality control. We recommend the generation of mechanical data to allow the introduction of new methods, as a means of demonstrating compliance with this specification. When appropriate; CEN-CENELEC Guid
24、e 6, “Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities” and the referenced documents were considered when drafting the specification. This document specifies procedures for ease of opening. It should commensurate with the maintenance of: functio
25、nality throughout the supply and user chain; safety and hygiene for both product and user/consumer; acceptability of the packed product to the user/consumer. The purpose of the test methods should be to evaluate whether a particular design of packaging can be considered easy to open by the large maj
26、ority of consumers, including elderly consumers. The test methods may be used by, for example: a designer or manufacturer; to check whether ease of opening requirements have been met; a potential purchaser or consumers organisation to check whether a particular design of packaging meets their requir
27、ements regarding ease of opening; a manufacturer, potential purchaser or consumers organisation to compare alternative products. The results can provide evidence of the ease of opening of a particular design of packaging to potential purchasers. A test may be carried out by the manufacturer or purch
28、aser directly or by assigning the task to an appropriate test organisation. Where the information derived from the test is used for any purpose other than for internal technical or product development, for example to make a public statement regarding packaging ease of opening in relation to this spe
29、cification, testing should be carried out, or should be independently verified, by an accredited test organisation. The information should be provided in sufficient detail to allow replication of the data-scoring methods by another organization if the test is repeated. DD CEN/TS 15945:2011CEN/TS 159
30、45:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification specifies the following for all adult consumers: criteria for ease of opening of packages; methods for evaluating the ease of opening of consumer packages. The purpose of this Technical Specification is to specify test methods to evaluate the ease o
31、f opening of consumer packages, in order to improve easy access to the contents. For packages regulated for safety or similar reasons, e.g. packaging of dangerous goods and substances, medicinal products, and medical devices, those regulations take precedence. This Technical Specification applies to
32、 all packaging that does not require an opening tool and to packaging that is purchased with an integrated opening tool. NOTE 1 The method(s) described in this Technical Specification could also be applicable to other types of packages when measuring ease of opening. NOTE 2 This Technical Specificat
33、ion can be used to test most consumer packages. There are, however certain packaging types that cannot easily be tested with the described methods, such as e.g. very large packaging used to protect refrigerators and washing machines. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indi
34、spensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 21067:2007, Packaging Vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this docume
35、nt, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21067:2007 and the following apply. 3.1 consumer packaging packaging constituting, with its content, a sales unit for the final user or consumer at the point of retail ISO 21067:2007 3.2 ease of opening openability of a consumer packaging when used by the i
36、ntended users to achieve the main goal(s) supported by the packaging NOTE Ease of opening is tested as effectiveness of opening, efficiency of opening and satisfaction with opening. 3.3 effectiveness of opening accuracy and completeness with which users achieve specified goals; percentage of users w
37、ho achieve the main goal(s) DD CEN/TS 15945:2011CEN/TS 15945:2011 (E) 6 3.4 efficiency of opening resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness with which users achieve goal; time taken to achieve the main goal(s) 3.5 satisfaction of opening freedom of discomfort, and positive atti
38、tudes towards the ease of opening of the packaging 3.6 goal intended outcome 3.7 panel testing panel test is user based performance related measurements NOTE In a panel test, a product is tested by a group of individuals trying out a product in a relative controlled or experimental setting, where th
39、ey are given specified task(s) to perform. 3.8 mechanical testing documented and reproducible mechanical test methods intended to measure the resistance of the relevant features of a package/packaging system by use of appropriate equipment 3.9 sensory test by trained panel members of the panel are t
40、rained to qualify and quantify sensory properties of the ease of opening of consumer packaging 4 Criteria for ease of opening of packaging Ease of opening of packaging is defined as “the openability of a consumer packaging when used by the intended users to achieve the main goal(s) supported by the
41、packaging”. Such main goals can where appropriate, include opening and closing, as well as accessing the intended quantity of the product. The users shall be able to achieve their main goals: with a high success rate (effectiveness of operation); within an acceptable task time (efficiency of operati
42、on); with an acceptable level of satisfaction with operation. Packaging will be considered to be easy to open if the large majority of adult consumers find it to be effective, efficient and satisfactory as set out above. The test results, from e.g. the panel test in Annex A, can be used to determine
43、 if a packaging meets following requirements: a) the packaging under study shall be easy to open; b) it shall be easy to take the intended quantity or portion from the packaging1); 1) It is crucial to the consumers satisfaction with the packaging opening system to be able to reach the content of a p
44、ackaging in an easy and safe way, however, if unfilled packaging is tested, this question can be omitted. The reason for omitting the question is recorded in the test protocol. DD CEN/TS 15945:2011CEN/TS 15945:2011 (E) 7 c) a reclosable packaging shall be easy to close. Not all questions apply to al
45、l packaging since the goals of the packaging will be different for different packaging designs e.g. reclosable and non-reclosable packaging. The relevant questions will therefore depend on the form and intended use of the packaging. The overall judgement of the packaging under study shall be favoura
46、ble. EXAMPLE For non-reclosable packaging only questions a), and b) will apply, while all questions are relevant for most reclosable packaging. 5 Test methods Ease of opening can be evaluated in several different ways, by panel tests, mechanical tests, sensory panels etc. During the three year to si
47、x year lifespan of this Technical Specification new methods will be developed and a set of annexes produced to describe these methods. Figure 1 shows examples of different methods that may be added as annexes to this Technical Specification. Figure 1 Examples of methods that can be used gain informa
48、tion of the openability of packaging Mechanical test methods can provide quantitative data with regards to certain attributes, such as removal torque, peel strength and ring-pull force. These data can inform on the performance of a packaging. Panel tests enable the qualitative assessment of packagin
49、g designs and allow the development of an understanding of users approach to packaging openability and handling. Panel tests can be used in conjunction with other qualitative research methods such as questionnaires and structured or unstructured DD CEN/TS 15945:2011CEN/TS 15945:2011 (E) 8 interviews. Panel tests can aid in the development process and the resulting data can inform on the performance of a packaging against predetermined criteria. For any new tests suggested for inclusion in this Technical Spec
