1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 1918-5:2016Gas infrastructure Underground gas storagePart 5: Functional recommendations forsurface facilitiesBS EN 1918-5:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1918-5:2016. Itsupersedes BS EN 1918-5:1998 which is wit
2、hdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee GSE/33, Gas supply.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are res
3、ponsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 86104 8ICS 75.200Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards P
4、olicy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2016.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 1918-5:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1918-5 March 2016 ICS 75.200 Supersedes EN 1918-5:1998English Version Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 5: Functi
5、onal recommendations for surface facilities Infrastructures gazires - Stockage souterrain de gaz - Partie 5: Recommandations fonctionnelles pour les installations de surface Gasinfrastruktur - Untertagespeicherung von Gas - Teil 5: Funktionale Empfehlungen fr bertageanlagen This European Standard wa
6、s approved by CEN on 9 January 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such na
7、tional standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own lan
8、guage and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greec
9、e, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG C
10、EN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1918-5:2016 EBS EN 1918-5:2016EN 1918-5:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative refer
11、ences 4 3 Requirements for underground gas storage . 5 3.1 General 5 3.2 Underground gas storage . 5 3.3 Injection facilities 8 3.4 Withdrawal facilities 9 3.5 Utilities . 10 3.6 Leaching and debrining facilities for salt caverns . 10 3.7 LPG . 11 4 Design . 12 4.1 General . 12 4.2 Safety and enviro
12、nmental issues 12 4.3 Engineering 13 4.4 Security 13 4.5 Pumps and compressors . 13 4.6 Process control and monitoring . 13 4.7 Back-up systems . 13 4.8 Manning levels 13 4.9 Maintenance and inspection 13 4.10 Flaring and venting 14 4.11 Prevention and control of fires and explosions 14 5 Constructi
13、on . 14 6 Testing and commissioning 14 7 Operation and maintenance . 14 8 HSE . 15 8.1 HSE management 15 8.2 Emergency procedures 15 9 Abandonment 15 9.1 General . 15 9.2 Withdrawal of the gas . 16 9.3 Plugging and abandonment of wells . 16 9.4 Surface facilities . 16 9.5 Monitoring 16 Annex A (info
14、rmative) Non-exhaustive list of relevant standards 17 Annex B (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous version EN 1918-5:1998 . 19 BS EN 1918-5:2016EN 1918-5:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 1918-5:2016) has been prepared by Technical
15、Committee CEN/TC 234 “Gas infrastructure”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withd
16、rawn at the latest by September 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1918-5:1998. This do
17、cument has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. For a list of significant technical changes between this European Standard and EN 1918-5:1998, see Annex B. This document is Part 5 of a European Standard on “Gas infrastructure
18、- Underground gas storage” which includes the following five parts: Part 1: Functional recommendations for storage in aquifers; Part 2: Functional recommendations for storage in oil and gas fields; Part 3: Functional recommendations for storage in solution-mined salt cavities; Part 4: Functional rec
19、ommendations for storage in rock caverns; Part 5: Functional recommendations for surface facilities. Directive 2009/73/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and the related Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks also
20、aim at technical safety including technical reliability of the European gas system. These aspects are also in the scope of CEN/TC 234 standardization. In this respect, CEN/TC 234 evaluated the indicated EU legislation and amended this technical standard accordingly, where required and appropriate. A
21、ccording to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germ
22、any, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 1918-5:2016EN 1918-5:2016 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard covers the function
23、al recommendations for the design, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of the surface facilities for underground gas storage (UGS), between the wellhead and the connection to the gas grid. It specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable.
24、For necessary subsurface facilities for underground storage, the relevant part of EN 1918-1 to EN 1918-4 applies. In this context, “gas“ is any hydrocarbon fuel: which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa (this includes natural gas, compressed natural gas (C
25、NG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The stored product is also named fluid); which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements. This European Standard specifies common basic p
26、rinciples for underground gas storage facilities. Users of this European Standard should be aware that more detailed standards and/or codes of practice exist. A non-exhaustive list of relevant standards can be found in Annex A. This European Standard is intended to be applied in association with the
27、se national standards and/or codes of practice and does not replace them. In the event of conflicts in terms of more restrictive requirements in the national legislation/regulation with the requirements of this European Standard, the national legislation/regulation takes precedence as illustrated in
28、 CEN/TR 13737 (all parts). NOTE CEN/TR 13737 (all parts) contains: clarification of relevant legislation/regulations applicable in a country; if appropriate, more restrictive national requirements; national contact point for the latest information. This European Standard is not intended to be applie
29、d retrospectively to existing facilities. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of th
30、e referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1918-1, Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 1: Functional recommendations for storage in aquifers EN 1918-2, Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 2: Functional recommendations for storage in oil and gas field
31、s EN 1918-3, Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 3: Functional recommendations for storage in solution-mined salt cavities BS EN 1918-5:2016EN 1918-5:2016 (E) 5 EN 1918-4, Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns 3
32、Requirements for underground gas storage 3.1 General The main equipment that may be required for both the withdrawal and the injection operations of gas storage facility is described below. Where no specific mention of LPG or natural gas is made, the following statements refer to both. 3.2 Undergrou
33、nd gas storage 3.2.1 Overview and functionality of underground gas storage EN 1918 covers storage of natural gas, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Because of the relevance of underground gas storage of CNG the major part of this introduction is related to the storage o
34、f natural gas. The underground gas storage (UGS) is an efficient proven common technology and is in use since 1915. UGS became an essential indispensable link in the gas supply chain for adjusting supply to meet short-term and seasonal changes in demand. Natural gas produced from oil and gas fields
35、is increasingly being used to supply energy requirements. As the gas supply from these fields does not match with the variable market demand, natural gas is injected into subsurface storage reservoirs when market demand falls below the level of gas delivery or if there is an economic incentive for i
36、njection. Gas is withdrawn from storage facilities to supplement the supply if demand exceeds that supply or withdrawal is economically attractive. The primary function of UGS is to ensure that supply is adjusted for peak and seasonal demand. Apart from this, the storage facilities can provide stand
37、-by reserves in case of interruption of the planned supply. Increasingly UGS is applied for commercial storage services. Thus, in summary underground gas storage facilities can be used for: security of supply; providing flexibilities; balancing of seasonal demand variabilities; structuring of gas su
38、pply; provision of balancing energy for the optimization of transport grids; trading and arbitrage purpose; stand-by provisions and strategic reserves; structuring renewable energy sources power to gas; storage of associated gas as service for production optimization and resultant environmental cons
39、ervation. BS EN 1918-5:2016EN 1918-5:2016 (E) 6 3.2.2 Types of UGS For storage of natural gas, several types of underground gas storage facilities can be used which differ by storage formation and storage mechanism (see Figure 1): pore storage: storage in aquifers; storage in former gas fields; stor
40、age in former oil fields. caverns: storage in salt caverns; storage in rock caverns (including lined rock caverns); storage in abandoned mines. Key 1 operating wells 2 monitoring wells 3 indicator horizon 4 caprock 5 storage reservoir and stored gas 6 salt dome 7 cavern Figure 1 Storage in aquifers,
41、 oil and gas fields, solution mined salt caverns For LPG storage, only salt or rock caverns can be applied. The UGS type applied is dependent on the geological conditions and prerequisites as well as on the designed capacity layout. BS EN 1918-5:2016EN 1918-5:2016 (E) 7 3.2.3 General characterizatio
42、n of UGS UGS are naturally or artificially developed reservoirs respectively artificially developed caverns in subsurface geological formations used for the storage of natural gas (or LPG). A UGS consists of all subsurface and surface facilities required for the storage and for the withdrawal and in
43、jection of natural gas (or LPG). Several subsurface storage reservoirs or caverns may be connected to one or several common surface facilities. The suitability of subsurface geological formations have to be investigated individually for each location, in order to operate the storage facilities in an
44、 efficient, safe and environmentally compatible manner. In order to construct a storage facility, wells are used to establish a controlled connection between the reservoir or cavern and the surface facilities at the well head. The wells used for cycling the storage gas are called operating wells. In
45、 addition to the operating wells, specially assigned observation wells may be used to monitor the storage performance with respect to pressures and saturations and the quality of reservoir water as well as to monitor any interference in adjacent formations. For the handling of gas withdrawal and gas
46、 injection, the surface facilities are the link between the subsurface facilities and the transport system, comprising facilities for gas dehydration/treatment, compression, process control and measurement. Gas is injected via the operating wells into the pores of a reservoir or into a cavern, thus
47、building up a reservoir of compressed natural gas (or LPG). Gas is withdrawn using the operating wells. With progressing gas withdrawal, the reservoir or cavern pressure declines according to the storage characteristic. For withdrawal, re-compression may be needed. See Figure 2 for the injection mod
48、e and withdrawal mode. The working gas volume can be withdrawn and injected within the pressure range between the maximum and minimum operating pressure. In order to maintain the minimum operating pressure, it is inevitable that a significant quantity of gas, known as cushion gas volume, remains in
49、the reservoir or cavern. The storage facility comprises the following storage capacities: working gas volume; withdrawal rates; injection rates. The technical storage performance is given by withdrawal and injection rate profiles versus working gas volume. Recommendations for the design, construction, testing and commissioning, operation and abandonment of underground storage facilities are described in Clauses 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Construction of a storage facility begins after the design and exploration phase and sh
