1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 623-2:1993 Advanced technical ceramics Monolithicceramics General and textural properties Part 2: Determination of density and porosity The European Standard EN 623-2:1993 has the status of a British Standard UDC 666.5/.6:620-1:531.75BSEN623-2:1993 This British Standard, havin
2、g been prepared under the directionof the Refractory Products Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the Standards Board and comes intoeffect on 15November1993 BSI 10-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference RPM/13 Draft for
3、comment 92/36001 DC ISBN 0 580 21772 8 Cooperating organizations The European Committee for Standardization (CEN), under whose supervision this European Standard was prepared, comprises the national standards organizations of the following countries: Austria Oesterreichisches Normungsinstitut Belgiu
4、m Institut belge de normalisation Denmark Dansk Standardiseringsraad Finland Suomen Standardisoimisliito, r.y. France Association franaise de normalisation Germany Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. Greece Hellenic Organization for Standardization Iceland Technological Institute of Iceland Ireland N
5、ational Standards Authority of Ireland Italy Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione Luxembourg Inspection du Travail et des Mines Netherlands Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Norway Norges Standardiseringsforbund Portugal Instituto Portugus da Qualidade Spain Asociacin Espaola de Normalizacin y Ce
6、rtificacin Sweden Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige Switzerland Association suisse de normalisation United Kingdom British Standards Institution Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSEN623-2:1993 BSI 10-1999 i Contents Page Cooperating organizations Inside front cover Nati
7、onal foreword ii Foreword 2 Text of EN 623-2 3 National annex NA (informative) Committees responsible Inside back cover National annex NB (informative) Cross-references Inside back coverBSEN623-2:1993 ii BSI 10-1999 National foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the
8、 Refractory Products Standards Policy Committee and is the English language version of EN623-2Advanced technical ceramics Monolithic ceramics General and textural properties Part2:Determination of density and porosity published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). It supersedes BS713
9、4-1.2:1989which is withdrawn. EN623-2was produced as a result of international discussions in which the UK took an active part. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Complia
10、nce with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, theEN title page, pages2to8, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date
11、) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 623-2 September 1993 UDC 666.5/.6:620.1:531.75 Descriptors: Ceramics, characteristics, tests, determination, bulk density, porosity
12、, quality English version Advanced technical ceramics Monolithic ceramics General and textural properties Part2:Determinationofdensity and porosity Cramiques techniques avances Cramiques monolithiques Proprits gnrales et structurales Partie2: Dtermination de la masse volumique et de la porosit Hochl
13、eistungskeramik Monolithische Keramik Allgemeine und strukturelle Eigenschaften Teil2:Bestimmung von Dichte und Porositt This European Standard was approved by CEN on1993-08-30. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this E
14、uropean Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (Engl
15、ish, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, F
16、inland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050
17、Brussels 1993 Copyright reserved to CEN members Ref. No. EN 623-2:1993 EEN623-2:1993 BSI 10-1999 2 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC184“Advanced technical ceramics” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. EN 623 Advanced technical ceramics Monolithic ce
18、ramics General and textural properties consists of four Parts: Part 1: Determination of the presence of defects by dye penetration tests; Part 2: Determination of density and porosity; Part 3: Determination of grain size 1) ; Part 4: Determination of surface roughness 1) . The European Standard shal
19、l be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March1994, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March1994. In accordance with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the following countries a
20、re bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom. Contents Page Foreword 2 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Definitions 3 4 S
21、tatement of accuracy and errors 3 5 The evacuation method (Method 1) 4 6 Method by measurement of dimensions and mass (geometric bulk density) (Method2) 6 7 Test report 7 Table 1 Accuracy and errors of density and porosity measurement 4 Table 2 Density of distilled water as a function of temperature
22、 between 15 C and 30 C 5 1) Parts3and4of this European Standard will be published as ENV.EN623-2:1993 BSI 10-1999 3 1 Scope This Part of EN623describes methods for determination of the bulk density, apparent solid density, and apparent porosity of advanced technical ceramics. Two methods are describ
23、ed and are designated as Methods1and2, as follows. Method 1. Determination of bulk density, apparent solid density and apparent porosity by the evacuation method. NOTE 1This method is not suitable for the determination of apparent porosity of less than1%. A method for determining the presence of def
24、ects and surface porosity in this type of material is given in EN623-1. NOTE 2The method is also not suitable for materials which are known to have an average pore size of greater than200m. Method 2. Determination of bulk density only, by measurement of dimensions and mass. NOTE 3Neither of these te
25、st methods measures total porosity including open and closed pores. This parameter may be calculated from the test results of Method1if the true density of pore-free material is known. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other pub
26、lications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revis
27、ion. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 623-1, Advanced technical ceramics Monolithic ceramics General and textural properties Part1:Determination of the presence of defects by dye penetration tests. EN 45001, General criteria for the operation of te
28、sting laboratories. EN 1006, Advanced technical ceramics Methods of testing monolithic ceramics Guidance on the sampling and selection of test pieces. ISO 758:1976, Liquid chemical products for industrial use Determination of density at20 C. ISO 3611:1978, Micrometer callipers for external measureme
29、nt. ISO 4964:1984, Steel Hardness conversions. ISO 6906:1984, Vernier callipers reading to0,02mm. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of EN623the following definitions apply. 3.1 open pores pores that are penetrated by an immersion liquid in vacuum, or that are connected with the atmosphere,
30、 either directly or via one another 3.2 closed pores pores that are not penetrated by the immersion liquid, or that are not connected with the atmosphere 3.3 bulk volume V b the sum of the volumes of the solid material, the open pores and the closed pores in a porous body 3.4 true volume the volume
31、of a body occupied by solid material, excluding all forms of porosity 3.5 apparent solid volume V s the sum of the volume of the closed pores and true volume 3.6 bulk density b the ratio of the mass of the dry material of a porous body to its bulk volume 3.7 geometric bulk density the mass per unit
32、total volume of a material including all porosity accessible and in accessible from the surface, the volume being calculated from linear dimensions 3.8 apparent solid density s the ratio of the mass of the dry material to its apparent solid volume 3.9 apparent porosity a the ratio of the total volum
33、e of the open pores in a porous body to its bulk volume 4 Statement of accuracy and errors The minimum accuracy of measurement of the parameters used in calculation of densities and porosities is given in Table 1.EN623-2:1993 4 BSI 10-1999 Table 1 Accuracy and errors of density and porosity measurem
34、ent 5 The evacuation method (Method 1) 5.1 Principle The mass of dry test piece is determined by weighing, then its apparent mass when immersed in a liquid with which it has been impregnated under vacuum, and then its mass in air while still soaked with the liquid. From these values its bulk density
35、 and apparent porosity are determined by calculation. 5.2 Apparatus 5.2.1 Drying oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of110 C 5 C. 5.2.2 Balance with accuracy in accordance with clause4. 5.2.3 A bridge, to be placed over the load-bearing scale pan of the balance (see5.2.2), if the balance is n
36、ot equipped for suspension loading. 5.2.4 Evacuating equipment, capable of reducing the pressure to a value less than2500Pa (25mbar), and a means of measuring the pressure used. NOTEIf a rotary vacuum pump is used, it should be fitted with a moisture trap, to minimize the mixing of water and the pum
37、p lubrication system. 5.2.5 Degreased metal wire, of diameter not more than0,15mm. 5.2.6 Cradle to contain test piece(s) (optional). 5.2.7 Immersion liquid, which may be either: a) cold distilled water, containing a dilute solution of a surface active agent (concentration not more than0,01%), the ad
38、dition of which does not change the densities given in Table 2; or b) an organic liquid, which shall be used for materials that are sensitive to contact with water or that cannot be fully wetted by water. NOTESome materials may chemically react with water, others such as boron nitride are not wetted
39、 by water. Where test pieces of smaller volume (1cm 3to 10cm 3 ) (see5.3.1) are used, and the error caused by evaporation of liquids is comparatively high, dibutyl phthalate should be used. 5.2.8 Thermometer, capable of measuring to 0,1K. 5.2.9 Glass beaker, of a size allowing adequate clearance of
40、its walls by the test piece. 5.2.10 Desiccator, for storage of test pieces. 5.2.11 Manometer 5.2.12 Absorbent cloth or tissue paper 5.3 Test pieces 5.3.1 Materials for testing shall be sampled in accordance with the guidance given in ENV1006. Test pieces shall be either whole or broken ceramic produ
41、cts, or shall be cut from blocks or rods of the same material. The bulk volume of a test piece shall be not less than 1 cm 3 , and its mass shall be greater than 1g (see Table 1 and note2). NOTE 1When the apparent porosity is greater than10%, the ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a t
42、est piece should not exceed2:1. NOTE 2For test pieces of mass1g to3g, significant sources of error include temperature, air content of liquid and the consistency of the liquid level position on the suspension wire. These factors should be kept constant. 5.3.2 If any surface treatment such as the rem
43、oval of “skin” is carried out this shall be reported in the test report (see clause7). NOTESince it is necessary to sponge the surface of the test piece to remove surface moisture, the test pieces should not have inaccessible external surfaces or very rough surfaces. 5.4 Procedure 5.4.1 Determinatio
44、n of the mass of the dry test piece Dry the test piece in the oven (see5.2.1) at110 C 5 C to constant mass, i.e. until two successive weighings made before and after at least2h in the drying oven do not differ by more than0,03%. Method 1: Evacuation method (see clause 5) Method 2: Geometric bulk den
45、sity (see clause 6) Minimum test piece dimension in mm 3,0 Accuracy of measurement of dimension a 0,01 mm or 0,05 % of smallest dimension Minimum test piece mass in g 1 2 30 2,0 Accuracy of weighing in g 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,001 Accuracy of measurement of density of immersion liquid, (Mg/m 3 ); see5.
46、5 and Table 2 0,0001 0,001 0,001 Accuracy of density measurement (%) 0,3 1,0 a The maximum non-uniformity of any dimension should not exceed 1 % of its average value.EN623-2:1993 BSI 10-1999 5 Before each weighing, place the test piece in the desiccator (see5.2.10), until it has cooled to room tempe
47、rature, and weigh it as quickly as possible after removal from the desiccator. The mass thus determined is the mass of the dry test piece (m 1 ), weighed in accordance with Table 1. 5.4.2 Soaking of test piece Place the cooled and dried test piece in an airtight vessel. Seal the vessel and evacuate
48、it until a pressure of less than2500Pa is attained; maintain this vacuum for at least15min. In order to ensure that all the air has been removed from the test piece, isolate or disconnect the vessel from the vacuum pump and use the manometer (see5.2.11) to check that the pressure does not rise throu
49、gh any degassing of the test piece. Progressively introduce the immersion liquid in such a way that, after3min, the test piece is covered by about20mm of liquid. Reconnect the vessel to the vacuum pump and maintain this reduced pressure for30min, then switch off the pump and open the vessel to ambient air pressure. Wait for at least a further30min to ensure complete penetration of the test piece by the liquid. NOTEIf there is any doubt about the completion of penet
