1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 993-12 : 1997 BS 19
2、02 : Section 5.2 : 1997 The European Standard EN 993-12 : 1997 has the status of a British Standard ICS 81.080 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Methods of test for Dense shaped refractory products Part 12. Determination of pyrometric cone equivalent (refractorin
3、ess)BS EN 993-12 : 1997 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 August 1997 BSI 1997 The following BSI references relate to the work on this s
4、tandard: Committee reference RPI/1/1 Draft for comment 93/311328 DC ISBN 0 580 27948 0 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text affected Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee RPI/1, Refractory prod
5、ucts and materials, to Subcommittee RPI/1/1, Sampling and physical testing of refractory materials, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Industrial Ceramic Manufacturers Association British Metallurgical Plant Constructors Association British Steel
6、Industry British Vermiculite Association Refractories Association of Great Britain Refractory Contractors Association Society of Glass TechnologyBS EN 993-12 : 1997 BSI 1997 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii Foreword 2 Text of EN 993-12 3ii BSI 1997 BS EN
7、 993-12 : 1997 National foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee RPI/1/1 and is the English language version of EN 993-12 : 1997 Methods of test for dense shaped refractory products Part 12: Determination of pyrometric cone equivalent (refractoriness), published by the Europe
8、an Committee for Standardization (CEN). It supersedes BS 1902 : Section 5.2 : 1983, which is withdrawn. EN 993-12 : 1997 was produced as a result of international discussions in which the United Kingdom took an active part. EN 993-12 : 1997 has been approved by CEN member bodies under the weighted v
9、oting procedures introduced in 1988 to coincide with the introduction of New Approach Directives from the Commission of the European Community. Cross-reference Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard EN 993-13 : 1995 BS EN 993 Methods of test for dense shaped refractory products Part
10、13 : 1995 Specification for pyrometric reference cones for laboratory use Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN title page, pages 2 to 8, an i
11、nside back cover and a back cover.CEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1997 Copyright reserved to CEN members Ref. No. EN 993-12 : 1997 E EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 993-12 NO
12、RME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM March 1997 ICS 81.080 Descriptors: Refractory materials, silicate refractories, low-alumina fireclay refractories, determination, refractoriness, high-temperature tests, pyrometric cones, selection, procedures English version Methods of test for dense shaped refract
13、ory products Part 12: Determination of pyrometric cone equivalent (refractoriness) Me thodes dessai pour produits re fractaires faonne s denses Partie 12: De termination de la re sistance pyroscopique (re fractarite ) Pru fverfahren fu r dichte geformte feuerfeste Erzeugnisse Teil 12: Bestimmung des
14、 Kegelfallpunktes (Feuerfestigkeit) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1997-02-27. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-dat
15、e lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
16、responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, N
17、orway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.Page 2 EN 993-12 : 1997 BSI 1997 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 187, Refractory products and materials, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. It is closely based on the text of the Inte
18、rnational Standard ISO 528 : 1983 Refractory products Determination of pyrometric cone equivalent (refractoriness). Reproducibility and repeatability data are not available at present but may be included in a subsequent edition. EN 993 Methods of test for dense shaped refractory products consists of
19、 18 Parts: Part 1: Determination of bulk density, apparent porosity and true porosity Part 2: Determination of true density Part 3: Test methods for carbon-containing refractories Part 4: Determination of permeability to gases Part 5: Determination of cold crushing strength Part 6: Determination of
20、modulus of rupture at ambient temperature Part 7: Determination of modulus of rupture at elevated temperatures Part 8: Determination of refractoriness-under-load Part 9: Determination of creep in compression Part 10: Determination of permanent change in dimensions on heating Part 11: Determination o
21、f resistance to thermal shock (ENV) Part 12: Determination of pyrometric cone equivalent Part 13: Specification for pyrometric reference cones for laboratory use Part 14: Determination of thermal conductivity (hot wire, cross-array) Part 15: Determination of thermal conductivity (hot wire, parallel)
22、 Part 16: Determination of resistance to acids Part 17: Determination of bulk density of granular material (mercury method) Part 18: Determination of bulk density of granular material (water method) This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
23、identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 1997, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1997. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this Eur
24、opean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword 2 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 3 Definitions 3 4 Principle 3 5 Apparatus 3
25、6 Test pieces 4 7 Selection of pyrometric reference cones 5 8 Preparation of test stand 5 9 Procedure 5 10 Test report 5 Annex A (informative) Typical mould for test pieces 7Page 3 EN 993-12 : 1997 BSI 1997 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for determining the pyrometric cone equival
26、ent (refractoriness) for refractory materials including shaped and unshaped products. Its useful range of application depends on the availability of suitable pyrometric reference cones. In the temperature range from 1500 C to 1800 C, the pyrometric reference cones specified in EN 993-13 are suitable
27、. As pyrometric reference cones are primarily manufactured for estimating the effect of temperature on siliceous low-alumina fireclay and fireclay products, the results on materials other than these may not be as precise. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated
28、 reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorpo
29、rated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 993-13 : 1995 Methods of test for dense shaped refractory products Part 13: Specification for pyrometric reference cones for laboratory use ISO 565 Test sieves Woven metal wire
30、cloth and perforated plate and electroformed sheet Nominal sizes of apertures 3 Definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 refractoriness The characteristic property of a material that allows it to withstand high temperature. 3.2 pyrometric reference
31、 cone A blunt-tipped skew triangular pyramid with sharp edges, of specified shape and dimensions and of such composition that when mounted and heated under specified conditions, it bends in a known manner with reference to the temperature. 3.3 reference temperature; temperature of collapse The tempe
32、rature at which the tip of a pyrometric reference cone reaches the level on which the base of the cone is mounted when the cone is heated at a specified rate under specified conditions. 4 Principle Test pieces of refractory materials or products are raised in temperature, under specified conditions,
33、 alongside pyrometric reference cones of known refractoriness, and their behaviour is compared with that of the reference cones. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Furnace 5.1.1 The furnace used for the determination may be cylindrical or rectangular, and either vertical or horizontal. 5.1.2 Under the test conditions,
34、 the difference in temperature between the coldest spot and the hottest spot of the space occupied by the stand, the test pieces and the pyrometric reference cones shall not exceed 10 C (equivalent to approximately one-half of a reference cone number: see EN 993-13). NOTE 1. In order that this requi
35、rement is met when pyrometric reference cones of height 30 mm are used (the conventional height), a cylindrical furnace should have a chamber of at least 80 mm useful diameter and a rectangular furnace should have a chamber at least 60 mm in height and 100 mm in width. NOTE 2. In order to minimize t
36、he effects of any irregular temperature distribution in the furnace, it may be convenient to arrange for the stand to be kept in motion relative to the furnace during the determination, e.g. by rotating the stand about a vertical axis. The uniformity of temperature shall be verified from time to tim
37、e. NOTE 3. The uniformity can be measured by means of thermocouples or by the use of pyrometric reference cones. 5.1.3 The furnace shall be capable of reaching the required temperature at the rates of increase specified in 9.2 and 9.3. 5.1.4 The atmosphere in the furnace shall contain free oxygen at
38、 all times. NOTE. Certain furnaces (for example, certain types of furnace fired with hydrocarbon gas and oxygen) are not suitable for this method of determination because of the high content of reducing gases or water vapour in their atmospheres. 5.1.5 In the case of a gas-fired furnace, complying w
39、ith 5.1.4, the pyrometric reference cones and the test pieces shall be protected from any direct action of the flame and from any turbulence of the hot gases. 5.2 Pyrometric reference cones 5.2.1 The pyrometric reference cones used should preferably conform to the requirements of EN 993-13. 5.2.2 Al
40、ternatively, other pyrometric cones may be used, provided that: a) the manufacturer of the cones has stated their respective reference temperatures; b) the cones conform to those reference temperatures within the tolerance permitted in EN 993-13; NOTE. This condition may be deemed to be satisfied if
41、 the manufacturer of the cones has declared that they conform to this tolerance; otherwise, they should be tested in accordance with clause 7 of EN 993-13 : 1995.Page 4 EN 993-12 : 1997 BSI 1997 c) the manufacturer of the cones has specified the angle at which the leading edge is to be mounted (see
42、8.2) and the rates at which the cones are to be heated (see 9.3); d) if the authority carrying out the determination is distinct from that for whom it is carried out, the type of reference cone to be used shall be agreed between the parties concerned. 5.3 Stand for the pyrometric reference cones and
43、 the test pieces 5.3.1 The refractory stand for the pyrometric reference cones and the test pieces consists, depending upon the type of furnace used, of a rectangular plate or a disc of refractory material having adequately plane and parallel faces. 5.3.2 The stand and the refractory cement used for
44、 securing the pyrometric reference cones and the test pieces to the stand shall be such that up to the test temperature there is no reaction between these items and the pyrometric reference cones or the test pieces. 6 Test pieces 6.1 Size and shape Each test piece shall have a shape geometrically si
45、milar to that of the pyrometric reference cones being used. Each test piece shall have a height not less than 100 %, and not more than 120 %, of the height of the reference cones being used. 6.2 Preparation of test pieces 6.2.1 General Where possible, test pieces from shaped and pre-fired unshaped p
46、roducts shall be cut in accordance with 6.2.2. If test pieces cannot be cut, they shall be moulded from ground material in accordance with 6.2.3. Test pieces from powder and granular materials shall always be moulded in accordance with 6.2.3. 6.2.2 Cut test pieces 6.2.2.1 Test pieces from bricks and
47、 shapes shall be cut with a saw and dressed with a grinding wheel. Any skin of fired materials shall be removed. 6.2.2.2 Samples of unshaped materials such as plastic refractories, ramming materials, refractory mortars and refractory castables shall be shaped and fired in a manner appropriate to the
48、 material and its condition of use; the firing temperature shall be stated in the test report. Test pieces shall then be cut from the fired material with a saw and dressed with a grinding wheel. Any skin of fired material shall be removed. 6.2.2.3 In preparing a cut test piece (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2
49、.2), it is advisable, as a first step, to cut a rectangular prism of a suitable size (15 mm3 15 mm3 40 mm, for a test piece of 30 mm height) and, if the refractory material has a coarse or friable texture, to impregnate it with a suitable resin giving less than 0,5 % ash (e.g. Canada balsam). This rectangular prism is then cut and dressed. 6.2.3 Moulded test pieces 6.2.3.1 Test pieces for raw materials and prepared unshaped refractory materials, and for those shaped refractory products from which test pieces cannot be cut in a
