1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 10229:1998 The Euro
2、pean Standard EN 10229:1998 has the status of a British Standard ICS 77.060 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Evaluation of resistance of steel products to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC)This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engin
3、eering Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 July 1998 BSI 1998 ISBN 0 580 29798 5 BS EN 10229:1998 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text affected National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of
4、EN 10229:1998. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/72, Methods of physical and metallographic testing, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation
5、, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implem
6、ent international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purpor
7、t to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cov
8、er, the EN title page, pages 2 to 9 and a back coverCEN European Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved world
9、wide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 10229:1998 E EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 10229 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM March 1998 ICS 77.060 Descriptors: Tests, cracking tests, estimation, cracking (fracturing), crack propagation, definitions, test specimen, procedure English version Evaluation of r
10、esistance of steel products to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) Evaluation de la re sistance des produits en acier a la fissuration induite par lhydroge ne (HIC) Bewertung der Besta ndigkeit von Stahlerzeugnissen gegen wasserstoffinduzierte Ribildung (HIC) This European Standard was approved by CEN o
11、n 2 March 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may
12、be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Centr
13、al Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom
14、.Page 2 EN 10229:1998 BSI 1998 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 1, Steels Mechanical and physical tests, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an id
15、entical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 1998, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1998. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this Europ
16、ean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Contents Page Foreword 2 Introduction 3 1 Scope 3 2 Definitions 3 2.1 sample 3 2.2 test pi
17、ece 3 2.3 section 3 2.4 crack 3 2.5 hydrogen induced crack 3 2.6 separation between cracks 3 2.7 isolated crack 3 2.8 crack system 3 2.9 extent of cracking 3 2.10 stepwise crack 3 3 Principle of the method 3 4 Test solutions 4 4.1 Test solution A 4 4.2 Test solution B (synthetic seawater) 4 4.3 Volu
18、me ratio 4 4.4 Reagent purity 4 5 Apparatus 4 6 Test Pieces 4 6.1 Location and orientation 4 6.2 Size 4 6.3 Preparation 5 7 Test procedure 5 7.1 Test batch 5 7.2 Degreasing 5 7.3 Test piece exposure 5 7.4 De-aeration and saturation 5 7.5 Test period 5 8 Evaluation of test pieces 5 8.1 Blisters 5 8.2
19、 Test piece sectioning 5 8.3 Preparation of sections 5 8.4 Evaluation of cracking 6 9 Ratio calculations 6 10 Test report 6Page 3 EN 10229:1998 BSI 1998 Introduction The need, today, to drill deeper to find oil and natural gas and the procedures that are being used in many fields to enhance oil and
20、gas recovery are resulting in an increase worldwide in the number of fields considered sour. This in turn is leading to an increasing demand from oil companies for steels resistant to sour conditions. Flow lines or gathering pipelines in sour fields may be transporting crude oil or natural gas conta
21、ining significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and water. Additionally, there is increased recognition of the importance of sour operating conditions in pressure vessels and structural steel work. On steel, the presence of water with H 2 S can cause corrosion. Atomic hydrogen generated by the
22、 corrosion reaction can be absorbed into the steel and lead to cracking of the product. Cracks on adjacent planes may link up to form through thickness steps and in some instances surface blistering may occur. Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) occurs without applied stresses. The test described in thi
23、s European Standard is not intended to duplicate service conditions, nor show how a material will perform in service. It is an accelerated corrosion test designed as a reproducible procedure capable of evaluating the resistance to hydrogen induced cracking. NOTE A draft Corrosion protection Carbon a
24、nd alloy steels for use in H 2 S containing environments in oil and gas production Materials requirements and test method being currently prepared by CEN/TC 262, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion, uses also the term step wise cracking (SWC). 1 Scope This standard specifies a method
25、of evaluation of the susceptibility to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of steel products with nominal thicknesses equal to or greater than 6 mm. NOTE This standard may be applied by agreement to products with nominal thicknesses lower than 6 mm. This standard does not cover resistance to other types
26、 of corrosion such as stress corrosion cracking. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply. 2.1 sample a sufficient quantity of material taken from the product for the purpose of producing three test pieces; for example: ring in case of tubes, part of plates 2.
27、2 test piece part of the sample with specified dimensions, machined for submission to the test 2.3 section the part which is cut from each test piece after testing, metallographically prepared and examined in order to assess the cracking present. Three sections are taken per test piece 2.4 crack a m
28、ore or less planar void discontinuity in the steel 2.5 hydrogen induced crack a crack below and approximately parallel to the surface of the product, initiated and propagated by the action of hydrogen in the steel as a result of contact with a wet sour medium 2.6 separation between cracks the shorte
29、st straight line distance between two cracks 2.7 isolated crack a crack separated from the next crack by more than 0,50 mm, with a minimum length equal to or greater than 0,1 mm (see Figures 1 and 2) 2.8 crack system a combination of two or more cracks, each of which is within 0,50 mm of the next cr
30、ack (see Figures 1 and 2) 2.9 extent of cracking the magnitudes of the longitudinal and transverse components of a crack or crack system are referred to as the longitudinal extent of cracking E LC and the transverse extent of cracking E TC , respectively (see Figure 1). NOTE All hydrogen induced cra
31、ck systems have longitudinal and transverse components. 2.10 stepwise crack crack system in which the transverse component is equal to or greater than 0,1 mm 3 Principle of the method The method consists of exposing test pieces without any applied stress to a corrosive medium for a period of 96 h, f
32、ollowed by evaluation of the test pieces. The corrosive medium is a H 2 S saturated solution which may be either an acidified sodium chloride solution (test solution A; see 4.1) or a synthetic seawater (test solution B; see 4.2). Other intermediate solutions may also be agreed between purchaser and
33、supplier.Page 4 EN 10229:1998 BSI 1998 4 Test solutions 4.1 Test solution A The acidified sodium chloride solution shall be prepared by dissolving 50 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) and 5 g of glacial acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) in 945 ml of water. The initial pH shall be 2,7 0,1 before H 2 Si s introduced.
34、 4.2 Test solution B (synthetic seawater) To prepare 10,0 l of synthetic seawater, dissolve 245,34 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) and 40,94 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) in 8 l to 9 l of water. Add slowly with vigorous stirring, 200 ml of solution B1 and then 100 ml of solution B2. Dilute
35、to 10,0 l with distilled or deionized water. Adjust the pH to 8,2 0,1 with 0,1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution or 0,1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) before H 2 S is introduced (see note). NOTE Only a few millilitres of NaOH solution should be required. a) Solution B1 The solution shall be prepared by
36、dissolving the indicated amounts of the following salts in water and dilute to a total volume of 7,0 l: MgCl 2 6H 2 0: 3 889,0 g (= 555,6 g/l); CaCl 2 (anhydrous): 405,6 g (= 57,9 g/l); SrCl 2 6H 2 0: 14,8 g (= 2,1 g/l). The solution shall be stored in well-stoppered glass or other chemically inert
37、material containers for a time not exceeding 6 months. b) Solution B2 The solution shall be prepared by dissolving the indicated amounts of the following salts in water and dilute to a total volume of 7,0 l : KCl: 486,2 g (= 69,5 g/l); NaHCO 3 : 140,7 g (= 20,1 g/l); KBr: 70,4 g (= 10,0 g/l); B O 3
38、H 3 : 19,0 g (= 2,7 g/l); NaF: 2,1 g (= 0,3 g/l). The solution shall be stored in well-stoppered glass or other chemically inert material containers for a time not exceeding 6 months. 4.3 Volume ratio The ratio of the volume of test solution to the total surface area of the test pieces shall be betw
39、een 3 ml/cm 2 and 6 ml/cm 2 . 4.4 Reagent purity The purity of the gases shall be 99,5 % minimum per volume. All chemicals shall be of reagent quality. The water shall be distilled or deionized. NOTE The conductivity of the water should not normally exceed 5mS/cm. 5 Apparatus Testing shall be carrie
40、d out in apparatus which meets the specific requirements for HIC tests and shall take full account of the safety procedures necessary when using toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. The basic equipment of the apparatus shall include the following: a test vessel and supports made of chemically inert material
41、such as glass or polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE); equipment to maintain the standard temperature during the test; devices to measure gas flow rates; a trap to avoid backstreaming of air which could give oxygen contamination of the test atmosphere. This could be, for instance, a vessel with sodium hydr
42、oxide solution to bind the surplus H 2 S. 6 Test Pieces 6.1 Location and orientation 6.1.1 Samples from which the test pieces will be machined shall be removed from the material to be assessed by any appropriate method. If the samples are flame cut, they shall be of sufficient size such that test pi
43、eces can be machined well away from the heat affected zones. 6.1.2 Three test pieces shall be prepared from the sample (see 2.1) with the main axis in the longitudinal or in the main deformation direction: a) for welded tubes test pieces shall be taken from weld and in an angle distance of 908 and 1
44、808 to the weld; b) for seamless tube test pieces shall be circonferentially staggered by 1208; c) for other product, location and number of test pieces shall be agreed at the time of enquiry and order. 6.1.3 A method shall be used to maintain the identity of the test pieces. This identification sha
45、ll be made on one or on both small surfaces. 6.2 Size If not otherwise specified, the dimensions of the test pieces shall be as follows: length L = 100 mm 2 mm; width b =2 0m m 0,5 mm; thickness a = full material thickness less a maximum of 1 mm on each surface for products with nominal thicknesses
46、from 6 mm up to 30 mm. The thickness of the test piece shall be at least 50 % of the nominal thickness with a maximum of 30 mm. For product with thickness lower than 6 mm or greater than 30 mm the dimensions of test pieces shall be defined at the time of enquiry and order.Page 5 EN 10229:1998 BSI 19
47、98 6.3 Preparation 6.3.1 Mechanical flattening of curved test pieces shall not be permitted. All test pieces shall be premachined to final dimensions plus 0,25 mm on width (b) and thickness (a). The final 0,25 mm shall be removed equally from opposite faces and in stages using a wet wheel surface gr
48、inder or equivalent. 6.3.2 The four principal faces of the test pieces shall then be prepared using standard metallographic preparation methods to a final 320 grit finish. 6.3.3 If testing is not to be carried out during the same day the test pieces shall be stored in a dessiccator. It is recommende
49、d that storage should not exceed 24 h. 7 Test procedure 7.1 Test batch When test pieces are tested in batches, the number of test pieces that make up a test batch shall be limited only by the volume of the test vessel and the solution volume/test piece surface area ratio (see 4.3). 7.2 Degreasing All test pieces shall be degreased in a suitable solvent immediately prior to testing. Degreasing shall be considerated as satisfactory if the following test is satisfied: A drop of distilled wa
