1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 12390-11:2015Testing hardened concretePart 11: Determination of the chlorideresistance of concrete, unidirectionaldiffusionBS EN 12390-11:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12390-11:2015.It supersedes DD CEN/TS 12
2、390-11:2010 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/517/1, Concrete production and testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the ne
3、cessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 88230 2ICS 91.100.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard wa
4、s published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 12390-11:2015EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12390-11 August 2015 ICS 91.100.30 Supersedes CEN/TS 12390-11:2010English Versi
5、on Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion Essais pour bton durci - Partie 11 : Dtermination de la rsistance du bton la pntration des chlorures, diffusion unidirectionnelle Prfung von Festbeton - Teil 11: Bestimmung des Chlo
6、ridwiderstandes von Beton - Einseitig gerichtete Diffusion This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 June 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without
7、any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other lang
8、uage made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmar
9、k, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE F
10、OR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12390-11:2015 EBS EN 12390-11:20
11、15EN 12390-11:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword .3 Introduction .5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Term, definitions symbols and abbreviated terms .6 3.1 Terms and definitions .6 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms 7 4 Principle 8 5 Reagents and apparatus .8 5.1 Reagents .8 5.2 Apparatus
12、 .9 6 Preparation of specimens 10 6.1 Preparing sub-specimens 10 6.2 Conditioning and preparation of profile specimen for chloride testing . 11 7 Procedure 13 7.1 Exposure conditions 13 7.2 Exposure method 14 7.3 Exposure period 14 7.4 Determination of initial chloride content (Ci) . 14 7.5 Profile
13、grinding . 15 7.6 Chloride analysis 16 8 Regression procedure and expression of results . 16 9 Test report . 19 10 Precision 19 Annex A (informative) Diffusion coefficients 21 Annex B (informative) Core test specimen 22 Annex C (informative) Typical equipment and procedure for vacuum saturation 23 A
14、nnex D (normative) Immersion method for large specimens 25 Annex E (informative) Guidance on the test procedure . 26 Annex F (informative) Examples for calibration of the calculation procedure for regression analysis 28 Bibliography . 33 BS EN 12390-11:2015EN 12390-11:2015 (E) 3 European foreword Th
15、is document (EN 12390-11:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the l
16、atest by February 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or a
17、ll such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 12390-11:2010. In comparison to CEN/TS 12390-11:2010, the following changes have been made: In Clause 2, the normative references have been updated; In Clause 8, a minimum value of the coefficient of determination has been added and further guid
18、ance on the calculations has been added; In Clause 9, a graph and details of points included and excluded plus the coefficient of determination have been added; In Clause 10, Table 3 has been added; A new Annex E (informative) “Guidance on test procedure“ has been added; A new Annex F (informative)
19、“Examples for calibration of the calculation procedure for regression analysis“ has been added; The Bibliography has been reviewed; The standard has been revised editorially. The drafting of this European Standard was delegated to CEN/TC 51(CEN/TC104)/JWG12/TG5. This test method is one of a series c
20、oncerned with testing concrete. At the behest of CEN, RILEM reviewed chloride testing methods 1 and this European Standard is based on their recommendations. In addition, this European Standard draws on recommendations from the EU-project “Chlortest” 5thFramework Programme (GRD1-2002-71808/G6RD-CT-2
21、002-00855) 2 immersion test recommendation as well as the Nordtest Method NT Build 443 Concrete, hardened: Accelerated Chloride penetration 3. The series EN 12390, Testing hardened concrete includes the following parts: Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements of specimens and moulds Part 2:
22、 Making and curing specimens for strength tests Part 3: Compressive strength testing of specimens Part 4: Compressive strength - Specification of testing machines Part 5: Flexural strength of test specimens BS EN 12390-11:2015EN 12390-11:2015 (E) 4 Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimen
23、s Part 7: Density of hardened concrete Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure Part 9: Freeze-thaw resistance - Scaling (Technical Specification) Part 10: Determination of the relative carbonation resistance of concrete (Technical Specification) Part 11: Determination of the chloride re
24、sistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion Part 13: Determination of the secant modulus of elasticity in compression According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
25、 Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerlan
26、d, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 12390-11:2015EN 12390-11:2015 (E) 5 Introduction Steel reinforced concrete structures exposed to the ingress of chloride, either from seawater or other sources, need to be durable for at least the intended working life. The possibility of reinforcement corrosi
27、on is significantly increased as the chloride level at the embedded reinforcement increases. For this reason the chloride diffusivity or penetrability of the concrete is an important property to measure and this European Standard sets out a test method that may be applied to specimens cast or core s
28、pecimens to assess the potential chloride resistance properties of a concrete mix. Specifications regarding the test procedure with core specimens are given in Annex B. NOTE This test method takes a minimum of 119 d comprising a minimum age of the specimen prior to testing of 28 d, a minimum of one
29、day to prepare and condition the specimen and then 90 d to expose the specimen to the chloride solution. BS EN 12390-11:2015EN 12390-11:2015 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard is a method for determining the unidirectional non-steady state chloride diffusion and surface concentration of conditione
30、d specimens of hardened concrete. The test method enables the determination of the chloride penetration at a specified age, e.g. for ranking of concrete quality by comparative testing. Since resistance to chloride penetration depends on the ageing, including the effects of continual hydration, then
31、the ranking may also change with age. The test procedure does not apply to concrete with surface treatments such as silanes and it may not apply to concrete containing fibres (see E.1). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document a
32、nd are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete - Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests EN
33、14629, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures - Test methods - Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete 3 Term, definitions symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated term
34、s apply. 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.1 as-cast surface surface of a concrete element exposed in the construction works to a chloride environment 3.1.2 chloride content amount of acid-soluble chloride expressed in percent by mass of concrete 3.1.3 chloride penetration ingress of chlorides into conc
35、rete due to exposure to external chloride sources 3.1.4 diffusion movement of molecules or ions under a concentration gradient, that is movement from a zone of high concentration to a zone with a lower concentration 3.1.5 diffusion coefficient proportionality between the molecular flux (e.g. rate of
36、 flow of chloride ions) and the concentration gradient in the diffusion equation Note 1 to entry: In this European Standard Ficks Law is adopted. Note 2 to entry: See Annex A. BS EN 12390-11:2015EN 12390-11:2015 (E) 7 3.1.6 initial chloride content Cichloride content at a distance sufficiently remot
37、e from the exposed surface as to not have been influenced by penetration of the chloride exposure solution Note 1 to entry: It reflects the initial chloride content that came from the constituents when the concrete was mixed. 3.1.7 non-steady state diffusion coefficient Dnssdiffusion coefficient tha
38、t takes into account simultaneous chloride binding Note 1 to entry: The steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient is measured on water saturated specimens where chloride diffuses through a thin specimen between two reservoirs of chloride solution, where one reservoir is at a higher concentration t
39、han the other. This steady state chloride diffusion is not covered by this test method. The steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient only reflects the ionic transport diffusion through concrete, as the concrete is unable to bind any more chloride ion. Note 2 to entry: See Annex A. 3.1.8 profile g
40、rinding dry process grinding a concrete specimen in thin successive layers 3.1.9 vacuum saturated condition specimen that is vacuum saturated with water 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms CiInitial chloride content, % by mass of concrete; Cm,jMeasured chloride content of concrete layer j, % by mass o
41、f concrete Cr,jChloride content of layer j calculated according to Formula (1) using the most suitable combination of Cs and Dnss, % by mass of concrete CsCalculated chloride content at the exposed surface, % by mass of concrete CxChloride content measured at average depth x and exposure time t, % b
42、y mass of concrete DnssNon-steady state chloride diffusion coefficient, m2s-1; F Sum of squares of the residuals FR Flow rate (flux) in mol m-2s j1 to jn Ground layer defined in terms of the number of layers from the exposed surface, the surface layer being j1 r Repeatability R Reproducibility R2 Co
43、efficient of determination BS EN 12390-11:2015EN 12390-11:2015 (E) 8 sr Repeatability standard deviation sR Reproducibility standard deviation S Sum of squares t Exposure time, seconds. u Variable of the integral with no units x Depth below the exposed surface to the mid-point of the ground layer j,
44、 m; z Adimensional parameter with no units xc /Gradient of concentration with the concentration expressed in mol/m3 4 Principle A specimen, either a cylinder or cube, shall be cast and cured in accordance with EN 12390-2, with a curing period of not less than 28 d. Annex B gives guidance on the test
45、ing of core specimens, where the core may be sampled from a test element, a precast concrete element or a structure. The specimen is divided into two sub-specimens, a profile specimen that is used to determine the chloride profile after exposure to unidirectional chloride ingress, and an initial chl
46、oride sub-specimen that is used to determine the initial chloride level, Ci. This initial figure is taken as the chloride level of the cast concrete. The profile specimen is vacuum saturated with distilled or demineralized water, coated on all sides but one and then the uncoated face is exposed to a
47、 chloride exposure solution. The exposure is achieved by either complete immersion, ponding the uncoated face or inverting the specimen and having the uncoated face immersed in the chloride exposure solution. The reference solution is a 3 % by mass sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, for a period of 90
48、 d (other concentrations or solutions, e.g. artificial seawater, are permitted as are different exposure periods). The use of large fully immersed specimens is described in Annex D. After 90 d of exposure, at least 8 parallel layers of the chloride exposed surface are ground off the profile specimen
49、. The acid-soluble chloride content of each layer and the average depth of the layer from the surface of the concrete exposed to the chloride solution are determined. The initial chloride content is determined by grinding a sample from the other sub-specimen and the acid-soluble chloride content determined. By non-linear regression analysis by least squares curve fitting, the surface chloride content (Cs) and the non-steady state chloride diffusion coefficient (Dnss) are determined. Because of the high coefficient of vari
