1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 12428:2013Industrial, commercial andgarage doors Thermaltransmittance Requirementsfor the calculationBS EN 12428:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard
2、 is the UK implementation of EN 12428:2013. Itsupersedes BS EN 12428:2000 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/538/5, Industrial and commercial garage doors andgates.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on re
3、quest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 73207 2ICS 91.060.50Compliance with a British
4、Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 12428:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12
5、428 January 2013 ICS 91.060.50 Supersedes EN 12428:2000English Version Industrial, commercial and garage doors - Thermal transmittance - Requirements for the calculation Portes et portails quipant les locaux industriels, commerciaux et les garages - Transmission thermique - Exigences pour les calcul
6、s Tore - Wrmedurchgangskoeffizient - Anforderungen an die Berechnung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 December 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national stan
7、dard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in a
8、ny other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Rep
9、ublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEA
10、N COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12428:2013: EBS EN 12428:2013EN
11、 12428:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 1.1 General . 5 1.2 Exclusions 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units 6 3.1 Terms and definitions 6 3.2 Symbols and units . 6 3.3 Subscripts 7 3.4 Superscripts . 7 4 Geometrical characteristics . 7 5
12、Calculation 8 5.1 General principle 8 5.2 Boundaries . 9 5.3 Cavities . 9 5.4 Point bridges and hardware components . 9 5.5 Calculation method 10 Annex A (informative) Thermal insulation related to buildings (energy efficiency) . 11 Bibliography 14 BS EN 12428:2013EN 12428:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This d
13、ocument (EN 12428:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 33 “Doors, windows, shutters, building hardware and curtain walling”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text
14、 or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for
15、 identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 12428:2000. This European Standard shows updated procedures for the calculation of thermal transmittance, including different types of glazing, frames and/or panels. Symbols and units have been added to Clause 3. Clauses 4 and 5
16、 have been revised. Clause 4 now includes descriptions and definition about the geometrical characteristics. Clause 5 now defines the calculation method including information about boundaries, cavities, point bridges and the calculation method. New Annex A informs about energy efficiency. This docum
17、ent is one of a series of performance standards identified within the product standard EN 13241-1. European Standards as well as relevant national regulations and standards will enable the actual exposure levels to be determined for the individual locations of the products. According to the CEN/CENE
18、LEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ic
19、eland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 12428:2013EN 12428:2013 (E) 4 Introduction Industrial, commercial and garage doors often contain different
20、 kinds of materials, joined in different ways, and can exhibit numerous variations of geometrical shape and thermal conductivity values. Thermal bridges around the door or gate perimeter and between door or gate elements affect the thermal transmittance of the complete door or gate in a significant
21、way. The result of calculations, carried out following the procedures specified in this paper, can be used for comparison of the thermal transmittance of different types of industrial, commercial and garage doors or as part of the input data for calculating the heat consumption of a building. The st
22、andard EN ISO 10077 (all parts) describes a calculation method suitable for windows and pedestrian doors. Although this method basically applies to vertical windows, references to some parts of this method have been made concerning boundary conditions and the treatment of cavities. EN ISO 12631 spec
23、ifies a procedure for calculating the thermal transmittance of curtain wall structures. The principles of the single assessment method have been used in this paper. BS EN 12428:2013EN 12428:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope 1.1 General This European Standard specifies a method for calculating the thermal transmitt
24、ance of industrial, commercial and garage doors in a closed position. The doors are intended for installation in areas in the reach of people, for which the main intended uses are giving safe access for goods, vehicles and persons in industrial, commercial or residential premises. The doors may be m
25、anually or power operated. This document applies to all doors provided in accordance with EN 13241-1. The calculation can include different types of glazing, frames with or without thermal breaks, and different types of opaque panels and thermal bridge effects at the edge of the panel or joint betwe
26、en the glazed area, the frame area and the panel area. This paper does not include the effects of solar radiation, heat transfer caused by air leakage, calculation of condensation, additional heat transfer at the corners and edges of the door connections to the main building structure, or thermal ef
27、fects between the door and the main building structure. 1.2 Exclusions It does not apply to: lock gates and dock gates; doors on lifts; doors on vehicles; armoured doors; doors mainly for the retention of animals; theatre textile curtains; horizontally moving doors less than 2,5 m wide and 6,25 m2ar
28、ea, designed principally for pedestrian use; revolving doors of any size; doors outside the reach of people (such as crane gantry fences); railway barriers; barriers used solely for vehicles. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this docu
29、ment and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. BS EN 12428:2013EN 12428:2013 (E) 6 EN 673, Glass in building Determination of thermal trans
30、mittance (U value) Calculation method EN 12433-1:1999, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates Terminology Part 1: Types of doors EN 12433-2:1999, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates Terminology Part 2: Parts of doors EN ISO 6946:2007, Building components and building element
31、s Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Calculation method (ISO 6946:2007) EN ISO 7345:1995, Thermal insulation Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 7345:1987) EN ISO 10077-2:2012, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters Calculation of thermal transmittance Part 2: Numerical me
32、thod for frames (ISO 10077-2:2012) EN ISO 10211, Thermal bridges in building construction Heat flows and surface temperatures Detailed calculations (ISO 10211) EN ISO 12631:2012, Thermal performance of curtain walling Calculation of thermal transmittance (ISO 12631:2012) 3 Terms, definitions, symbol
33、s and units 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12433-1:1999, EN 12433-2:1999, EN ISO 7345:1995 and EN ISO 6946:2007 apply. The thermal transmittance of glazing units, Ug, is defined according to EN 673 which does not include the edge ef
34、fects. 3.2 Symbols and units Symbol Quantity Unit A area m Q heat loss per length W/m W width m H height m L length m d depth m temperature C Ugthermal transmittance W/(mK) distance m BS EN 12428:2013EN 12428:2013 (E) 7 emissivity thermal conductivity W/(mK) linear thermal transmittance W/(mK) 3.3 S
35、ubscripts Symbol Subscripts D industrial, commercial or garage door or gate door door (daylight opening) p panel g glazing tot total joint connection between two filling elements 3.4 Superscripts Definition of the areas for joint: see EN ISO 12631:2012, 6.2.2.3. 4 Geometrical characteristics The mai
36、n definitions for the boundaries and areas are shown in Figure 1. The door is divided into areas/lengths of different kinds (windows, panel sections) with additional heat flows. Representative parts of the industrial, commercial or garage door shall be modelled (indicated by 1-1 to 5-5 in Figure 1)
37、and its heat losses shall be calculated. BS EN 12428:2013EN 12428:2013 (E) 8 Key W daylight width H daylight height Ww width of window Hw height of window Door W x H Window Ww x HW 1 gap at top edge of door and opening 2 joint round window in panel 3 gap at side of door and opening 4 joint between p
38、anels 5 gap between bottom edge of door and floor 6 window 7 door edge 8 daylight vertical edge 9 floor Figure 1 Sketch of a door (from the inside) 5 Calculation 5.1 General principle The calculations shall be carried out using a two-dimensional numerical method conforming to EN ISO 10211. It is ass
39、umed that the principal heat flow in a section is perpendicular to a plane parallel to the external and internal surfaces. But at the perimeter of an industrial, commercial or garage door and between door sections the heat flow will be two or three dimensional. The heat flow can be conducted along c
40、omponents with high thermal conductivity around parts with high thermal resistance, especially where metal parts connect (for instance internal surface sheet end cap/edge profile external surface sheet). The linear thermal transmittance of the connections between the door panel and surrounding const
41、ruction or between panels is determined as the additional heat flow compared to the one-dimensional heat flow through the door panel. BS EN 12428:2013EN 12428:2013 (E) 9 All components in the industrial, commercial or garage door or gate that affect the heat flow should be included in the thermal tr
42、ansmittance. This value is calculated as the total heat flow rate through the door, divided by the temperature difference (20 C) and the partition wall aperture area (width height). The surrounding walls and floor are regarded as adiabatic and consequently as having no influence on the thermal trans
43、mittance of the door. Input data (thermal properties) shall be evaluated by measurement, two- or three-dimensional finite element or finite difference software calculation or by tables or diagrams. 5.2 Boundaries The external and internal surface resistances for horizontal heat flow are given in EN
44、ISO 10077-2:2012, Annex B. Definitions of increased surface resistance due to reduced radiation/convection heat transfer are shown in EN ISO 10077-2:2012, Figure B.1. The cut-off plane through the panel and surround wall/floor in the main building structure shall be taken as adiabatic. The adiabatic
45、 boundary through the panel can either be a plane of symmetry or where no edge effects are present. The distance from the edge to the adiabatic cut-off plane shall be chosen in such way that increasing the distance does not change the calculated -value significantly (see EN ISO 12631:2012, 5.2). 5.3
46、 Cavities 5.3.1 General The heat flow rate in cavities shall be represented by an equivalent thermal conductivity ( eq). This equivalent thermal conductivity includes the heat flow by conduction, convection and radiation and depends on the geometry of the cavity and on the adjacent materials. 5.3.2
47、Cavities in glazing The equivalent thermal conductivity of an unventilated space between panes (glass or plastics) shall be determined according to EN 673. The resulting value shall be used for the whole cavity. 5.3.3 Cavities in the door or gate The air cavities shall be divided into three categori
48、es depending on the size of the slit that connects the cavity to the exterior or interior. Rules for the treatment of cavities are given in EN ISO 10077-2:2012, Clause 6. Non-rectangular air cavities shall be transformed into equivalent rectangular air cavities in accordance with EN ISO 10077-2, and
49、 the thermal conductivity shall then be calculated for this equivalent air cavity. If no other information is available, use emissivity = 0,9 and mean temperature 10 C. 5.4 Point bridges and hardware components The influence on the UD-value of screws penetrating into the insulation from one facing, and the hardware components, shall be taken in account. This influence may be evaluated by measurements on a specimen with metal screws and hardware components, and the same specimen with
