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2、art 2: Determination of absolute pressure (AVP) between 40 C and 100 CThe European Standard EN 13016-2:2007 has the status of a British StandardICS 75.160.20Liquid petroleum products Vapour pressure BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 13016-2:2007 BS 2000-409:2007BS EN 13016-2:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXC
3、HANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 11/12/2007 07:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIThis Britisupersedes BS ENThe PTArequest to its EnThis British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2007 BSI and Energy Institute 2007ISBN 978 0 580 56195 5contract.
4、Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsBS 2000, and all BS EN petroleum test methods that would be Part of BS 2000, both in its annual publication “St
5、andard methods for analysis and testing of petroleum and related products and British Standard 2000 Parts” and individually.Further information is available from: Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London W1G 7AR. Tel: 020 7467 7100. Fax: 020 7255 1472.This publication does not purport to in
6、clude all the necessary provisions of a National forewordsh Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13016-2:2007. It 13016-2:2000/BS 2000-409:2001 which is withdrawn.UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee I/13, Petroleum testing and terminology.list of organizations
7、 represented on this committee can be obtained on secretary.ergy Institute, under the brand of IP, publishes and sells all Parts of EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 13016-2 September 2007 ICS 75.160.20 Supersedes EN 13016-2:2000 English Version Liquid petroleum products - Vapour
8、pressure - Part 2: Determination of absolute pressure(AVP) between 40 C and 100 C Produits ptroliers liquides - Pression de vapeur - Partie 2 : Dtermination de la pression de vapeur absolue (PVA) entre 40 C et 100 C Flssige Minerallerzeugnisse - Dampfdruck - Teil 2: Bestimmung des absoluten Dampfdru
9、ckes (AVP) im Temperaturbereich zwischen 40 C und 100 C This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 July 2007. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any
10、 alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made b
11、y translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
12、 Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NO
13、RMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13016-2:2007: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 11/12/2007 07:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN
14、13016-2:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle5 5 Reagents.6 6 Apparatus .6 7 Sampling.7 8 Sample preparation .7 9 Preparation of apparatus 8 10 Calibration of apparatus .8 10.1 Pressure transducer8 10.2 Temperatur
15、e measuring device9 11 Verification of apparatus.9 12 Procedure .9 13 Calculation10 14 Expression of results 10 15 Precision.11 15.1 Repeatability, r .11 15.2 Reproducibility, R 11 16 Test report 11 Annex A (informative) Derivation of equations used to calculate AVP .12 A.1 Theory .12 A.2 Derivation
16、 of equation.12 A.3 Air correction at test temperature13 A.4 Calculation13 Bibliography 14 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 11/12/2007 07:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 13016-2:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13016-2:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC
17、 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest
18、 by March 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2008. This document supersedes EN 13016-2:2000, which has been revised editorially to clarify a number of steps related to sampling, calibration of the pressure transducer and the procedure. No new precision
19、 evaluations have been carried out. The equation to calculate the absolute vapour pressure in the informative Annex A has been corrected. EN 13016 consists of the following parts, under the general title Liquid petroleum products - Vapour pressure: Part 1: Determination of air-saturated vapour press
20、ure (ASVP) and calculated dry vapour pressure equivalent (DVPE). Part 2: Determination of absolute vapour pressure (AVP) between 40 C and 100 C. Part 1 is based on and developed in parallel with IP 394 1 and ASTM D 5191 2. It describes a general determination method, whereas this part describes one
21、at elevated temperatures. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary
22、, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 11/12/2007 07:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 13016-2:2007 (E) 4
23、 Introduction Vapour pressure is used as a classification criterion for the safe handling and carriage of petroleum products, feedstocks and components; it has a relationship to the potential for hydrocarbon emissions, under uncontrolled conditions, and thus is the subject of environmental scrutiny.
24、 Vapour pressure limitations are often imposed to prevent pump cavitation during transfer operations. Vapour pressure is one measure of the volatility characteristics of fuels used in many differing types of engines with large variations in operating temperatures. Fuels having a high vapour pressure
25、 may vaporize too readily in the fuel handling systems, resulting in decreased flow to the engine and possible stoppage by vapour lock. Conversely, fuels of low vapour pressure may not vaporize readily enough, resulting in difficult starting, slow warm-up and poor acceleration. Licensed Copy: Wang B
26、in, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 11/12/2007 07:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 13016-2:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of absolute vapour pressure of liquid petroleum products at elevated temperatures. The conditions used in the test described in
27、this standard are a vapour to liquid ratio of 3:2 and an initial injection temperature of 37,8 C or 30,0 C. The method described is suitable for testing air-saturated samples that exert an air-saturated vapour pressure of between 9 kPa and 500 kPa at temperatures between 40 C and 100 C. This Europea
28、n Standard is applicable to fuels containing oxygenated compounds up to the limits stated in the relevant EC Directive 85/536/EEC 3. NOTE 1 If a sample injection is into a test chamber which is raised to 37,8 C and the vapour to liquid ratio is 4:1, the initial measurement corresponds with the measu
29、rement in Part 1 of this standard. NOTE 2 For the purposes of this European Standard, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction. WARNING Use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety probl
30、ems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the appli
31、cation of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids - Manual sampling (ISO 3170:2004) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this E
32、uropean Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 air-saturated vapour pressure total pressure ASVP observed pressure exerted in vacuo by the partial pressure of air-saturated petroleum products, components and feedstocks, in the absence of non-dissolved water, and the partial pressur
33、e of the dissolved air 3.2 absolute vapour pressure AVP air-saturated vapour pressure minus the partial pressure due to dissolved air in the liquid 4 Principle A cooled air-saturated sample of known volume is introduced into an evacuated, temperature-controlled chamber in two equal test portions. Th
34、e volume of the chamber is five times that of the sample introduced to provide a vapour-to-liquid ratio of 4:1. The vapour-to-liquid ratio following the second injection is 3:2. After Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 11/12/2007 07:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 13016-2:2007 (
35、E) 6 the injection of each test portion, the air-saturated vapour pressure is determined. The partial pressure of the dissolved air is calculated from the two resulting pressures. The temperature of the test chamber is then increased to a specified value and the air-saturated vapour pressure determi
36、ned. The absolute vapour pressure (AVP) is calculated by subtracting the partial pressure of the dissolved air in the liquid, which has been corrected for temperature and compensated for compressive effects and solubility, from the air-saturated vapour pressure. The procedure may be repeated at furt
37、her test temperatures. 5 Reagents Pentane, reagent grade 99,5 % (V/V) minimum purity. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Instrument 6.1.1 The instrument shall conform to the general requirements given in 6.1.2 to 6.1.6. NOTE Full details of suitable instruments are not given because of differences in the way that the
38、basic principles are applied by individual manufacturers. The instrument shall be installed, operated and maintained in accordance with the manufacturers manual. 6.1.2 The system shall be configured to enable the test chamber to be evacuated and isolated, the sample to be drained, and the system flu
39、shed and purged as necessary. 6.1.3 The test chamber shall be vacuum-tight, with provision for the introduction of the sample, and shall be capable of containing between 5 ml and 15 ml of liquid and vapour with an accuracy of 1 %. The test chamber shall be capable of controlling the temperature of t
40、he sample to achieve the specified test temperature to within 0,1 C and of indicating the temperature to a resolution of at least 0,1 C. NOTE 1 The test chambers used in the instruments that generated the precision statements were constructed from either aluminum or stainless steel. NOTE 2 Test cham
41、bers with capacities less than 5 ml or greater than 15 ml may be used but the precision of the method can be affected. 6.1.4 The apparatus shall be capable of measuring the vapour pressure of small samples of petroleum products, components and feedstocks over the pressure range 9,0 kPa to 500,0 kPa
42、and at temperatures between 40 C and 100 C, by means of a pressure transducer, with an accuracy of 0,8 kPa and a resolution of 0,1 kPa. 6.1.5 If a vacuum pump is required for use with the instrument, it shall be capable of reducing the pressure in the test chamber to less than 0,01 kPa absolute. 6.1
43、.6 If a vacuum-tight syringe or similar equipment is required for measuring or injecting the required volume of sample into the test chamber, it shall be sized appropriately to the required sample size with an accuracy of at least 1 %. 6.2 Cooling equipment, air or iced-water bath or a refrigerator,
44、 capable of cooling the samples to a temperature of between 0 C and 1 C. NOTE A suitably safe refrigerator should be used with highly volatile petroleum products. 6.3 Barometer for calibration, capable of measuring atmospheric pressure within an accuracy of 0,1 kPa or better and calibrated and/or ve
45、rified against an instrument certified by an authorized certification body. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 11/12/2007 07:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 13016-2:2007 (E) 7 6.4 Vacuum gauge for calibration, covering at least the range 0 kPa to 177 kPa, calibrated and/or verif
46、ied against an instrument certified by an authorized certification body. 6.5 Pressure measuring device for the apparatus, having a minimum measuring range from 0 kPa to 500 kPa, calibrated and/or verified against an instrument certified by an authorized certification body. 7 Sampling 7.1 Due to the
47、extreme sensitivity of vapour pressure measurements to losses through evaporation and the resulting changes in composition, the utmost precaution and the most meticulous care shall be taken in the drawing and handling of samples. 7.2 Samples shall be drawn in accordance with EN ISO 3170 and/or in ac
48、cordance with the requirements of National Standards or regulations for the sampling of the product under test. However, the water displacement technique shall not be used. NOTE Drawing samples using automatic techniques, such as those described in EN ISO 3171 4, is not recommended unless the techni
49、que has been proven not to lose light ends from the product or component being sampled. Loss of light ends may effect the vapour pressure measurement. 7.3 For routine testing, the sample shall be supplied in a sealed container, constructed of suitable material, of either 1 l capacity or in a container of a different capacity with the same ullage requirement. For referee testing a 1 l sample container shall be used. The container shall be a minimum of 70 % (V/V) full of sample at the time of receipt. NOTE The precision of the method can be
