1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 13631-15:2005 Explosives for civil uses High explosives Part 15: Calculation of thermodynamic properties The European Standard EN 13631-15:2005 has the status of a British Standard ICS 71.100.30 BS EN 13631-15:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the
2、 Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2005 BSI 30 June 2005 ISBN 0 580 46245 5 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 13631-15:2005. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CII/61, Explosives for civil
3、 uses, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue unde
4、r the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct appl
5、ication. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; m
6、onitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 21 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was
7、last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 13631-15 May 2005 ICS 71.100.30 English version Explosives for civil uses - High explosives - Part 15: Calculation of thermodynamic properties Explosifs usage civil - Explosifs
8、 - Partie 15 : Calcul des proprits thermodynamiques Explosivstoffe fr zivile Zwecke - Sprengstoffe - Teil 15: Berechnung der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 March 2005. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which st
9、ipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard
10、 exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standard
11、s bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITT
12、EE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13631-15:2005: EEN 13631-15:2005 (E) 2
13、 Contents Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Calculation procedure.5 5 Report .15 Annex A (informative) Sample calculations16 Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other provisions of EU Di
14、rectives20 Bibliography 21EN 13631-15:2005 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13631-15:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 321 “Explosives for civil uses“, the secretariat of which is held by AENOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by pu
15、blication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2005. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and
16、 supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This European Standard is one of a series of standards on Explosives for civil uses High explosives. The other parts of this series are: P
17、art 1: Requirements. Part 2: Determination of thermal stability of explosives. Part 3: Determination of sensitiveness to friction of explosives. Part 4: Determination of sensitiveness to impact of explosives. Part 5: Determination of resistance to water. Part 6: Determination of resistance to hydros
18、tatic pressure. Part 7: Determination of safety and reliability at extreme temperatures. Part 10: Method for the verification of the means of initiation. Part 11: Determination of transmission of detonation. Part 12: Specifications of boosters with different initiating capability. Part 13: Determina
19、tion of density. Part 14: Determination of velocity of detonation. Part 16: Detection and measurement of toxic gases. This document includes a Bibliography. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this
20、European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 13631-
21、15:2005 (E) 4 Introduction Some properties of the explosives used to define their energetic performance on an a priori basis are obtained by means of a thermodynamic calculation. The outcome of such calculation, based on the composition and density of the explosive, is dependent on the detonation st
22、ate considered, the thermodynamic data used and the calculation method itself. The simplest thermodynamic calculation of explosives is the one for a constant-volume reaction, usually referred to as constant-volume explosion state. Other calculations such as the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) detonation state
23、are also commonly used, leading to important dynamic values such as detonation pressure and velocity. However, these calculated values are not meaningful in practice for non-ideal industrial explosives. For this reason, only the simple values of energy and amount of gases produced are considered in
24、this European Standard. EN 13631-15:2005 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method to calculate the detonation characteristics at the constant-volume explosion state and some parameters derived thereof. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the
25、 application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13857-1:2003; Explosives for civil uses - Part 1:Terminology 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of t
26、his European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 13857-1:2003 and the following apply. 3.1 constant-volume explosion state detonation point of theoretical nature in which the specific volume of the detonation products is that of the unreacted explosive 3.2 heat of explosion energy releas
27、ed in the chemical reaction of the explosive when the composition of the reaction products is that of the constant-volume explosion state. It is usually given per mass of explosive 3.3 gas volume volume occupied by the detonation product gases, as calculated from the chemical equilibrium composition
28、 in the constant-volume explosion state, at a specified condition of temperature and pressure. It is usually given per mass of explosive 3.4 specific force result of the calculation: nRT, n being the number of moles of detonation product gases per mass, R the universal gas constant and T the tempera
29、ture of explosion. It would be equal to the pressure exerted by the detonation gases if the specific volume were unity and the gases behaved as ideal. It is also called in some places specific energy 4 Calculation procedure 4.1 Thermodynamic Data and Functions 4.1.1 General The thermodynamic propert
30、ies needed relate to both explosive components and detonation products. 4.1.2 Explosive components For each component the following data are required: - Molecular or empirical formula. EN 13631-15:2005 (E) 6 - Energy of formation. Table 1 shows these values for some explosives components. Whenever t
31、he explosive composition include any component not included in such table, the relevant values should be obtained elsewhere, e.g., from a thermochemical data source. In this case, the values used and the source should be reported. Table 1 - Explosives components Name Abbrevi ation Molecular or empir
32、ical formula 298 f E kJ/kg Reference Aluminium Al Al 0 Ammonium chloride ClH 4 N 5 739 Meyer Ammonium nitrate AN H 4 N 2 O 34 428 Meyer Ammonium perchlorate AP ClH 4 NO 42 412 Meyer Calcium carbonate CCaO 312 022 Meyer Calcium nitrate CaN 2 O 65 657 Meyer Calcium stearate C 36 H 70 CaO 44 416 Meyer
33、Carbon, Graphite C 0 Cellulose C 6 H 10 O 55 670 USAMC Dinitrotoluene 2,4 DNT 2,4 C 7 H 6 N 2 O 4292,8 Meyer Dinitrotoluene 2,6 DNT 2,6 C 7 H 6 N 2 O 4159,5 Meyer Ethylene diamine dinitrate EDDN C 2 H 10 N 4 O 63 378 Meyer Glycol C 2 H 6 O 27 177 Meyer Guar gum C 37,26 H 55,89 O 31,056 900 Meyer Hex
34、anitrostilbene HNS C 14 H 6 N 6 O 12239,8 Meyer Hexogene, Cyclonite RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6401,8 Meyer Methylamine nitrate MAN CH 6 N 2 O 33 604 Meyer Nitrocellulose 11,5 % N NC11,5 C 6000 H 7890 N 2111 O 92222 793 Meyer Nitrocellulose 12,0 % N NC12,0 C 6000 H 7739 N 2261 O 95202 663 Meyer Nitrocellulos
35、e 12,5 % N NC12,5 C 6000 H 7579 N 2416 O 98332 534 Meyer Nitroglycerine NG C 3 H 5 N 3 O 91 540 Meyer Nitroglycol EGDN C 2 H 4 N 2 O 61 499 Meyer EN 13631-15:2005 (E) 7 Nitroguanidine NQ CH 4 N 4 O 2773,0 Meyer Nitromethane NM CH 3 NO 21 731 Meyer Octogen HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8353,6 Meyer Oil; fuel oil
36、, diesel oil C 16 H 34-1 828 Lide Paraffin, solid; wax C 71 H 1482 094 Meyer Pentaerithrytol tetranitrate PETN C 5 H 8 N 4 O 121 611 Meyer Polyisobutylene PIB CH 21 386 Meyer Potassium chlorate ClKO 33 205 Lide Potassium nitrate KNO 34 841 Meyer Potassium sulfate K 2 O 4 S 8 222 Lide Sodium chlorate
37、 ClNaO 33 390 Lide Sodium chloride ClNa 7 013 Chase Sodium nitrate NNaO 35 447 Meyer Sodium perchlorate ClNaO 43 080 Lide Trinitrophenil methyl nitramine Tetryl C 7 H 5 N 5 O 8147,6 Meyer Trinitrotoluene TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6219,0 Meyer Urea CH 4 N 2 O 5 403 Meyer Water (liquid) H 2 O 15 660 Chase Woo
38、d dust, plant meal C 41,7 H 60,4 O 27,44 564 Meyer NOTE References are listed in the Bibliography. In many cases, internal energies of formation have been worked out from enthalpy of formation values. 4.1.3 Detonation products Detonation calculations require, in all cases, the following knowledge on
39、 detonation products: - Formula. - Internal energy or enthalpy of formation at a reference temperature, e.g. 298 K ( E f 298 , H f 298 ); Table 2 shows these data for some detonation products. Data for other products may be obtained elsewhere. In this case, values used and the source should be repor
40、ted. EN 13631-15:2005 (E) 8 Table 2 - Detonation products Name Formula 298 f E kJ/mole 298 f H kJ/mole Reference Ammonia H 3 N 43,42 45,90 Chase Aluminium oxide (l) Al 2 O 3(l) 1 617 1 621 Chase Aluminium oxide (s) Al 2 O 3(s) 1 672 1 676 Chase Calcium chloride (l) CaCl 2(l) 771,6 774,1 Chase Calciu
41、m chloride (g) CaCl 2(g) 471,5 471,5 Chase Calcium oxide (s) CaO (s) 633,8 635,1 Chase Carbon (s) C 0 0 Carbon dioxide CO 2393,8 393,8 Meyer Carbon monoxide CO 111,9 110,6 Meyer Chlorine Cl 20 0 Hydrogen H 20 0 Hydrogen chloride ClH 92,4 92,4 Meyer Iron (III) oxide (s) Fe 2 O 3(s) 821,8 825,5 Chase
42、Magnesium oxide (g) MgO (g) 56,9 58,2 Chase Magnesium oxide (l) MgO (l) 531,4 532,6 Chase Magnesium oxide (s) MgO (s) 600,0 601,2 Chase Methane CH 472,4 74,9 Chase Nitrogen N 20 0 Nitrogen monoxide NO 90,3 90,3 Meyer Oxygen O 20 0 Potassium carbonate (l) CK 2 O 3(l) 1 127 1 131 Chase Potassium carbo
43、nate (s) CK 2 O 3(s) 1 146 1 150 Chase Potassium chloride (g) ClK (g) 215,9 214,7 Chase Potassium chloride (l) ClK (l) 420,6 421,8 Chase Potassium chloride (s) ClK (s) 435,4 436,7 Chase Silicon dioxide (l) O 2 Si (l) 900,2 902,7 Chase EN 13631-15:2005 (E) 9 Silicon dioxide (s) O 2 Si (s) 908,4 910.9
44、 Chase Sodium carbonate (l) CNa 2 O 3(l) 1 105 1 109 Chase Sodium carbonate (s) CNa 2 O 3(s) 1 127 1 131 Chase Sodium chloride (g) ClNa (g) 182,7 181,4 Chase Sodium chloride (l) ClNa (l) 384,7 385,9 Chase Sodium sulfate (s) Na 2 O 4 S (s) 1 382 -1 387 Lide Water (g) H 2 O (g) 240,6 241,8 Chase NOTE
45、1 (g), (l) and (s) indicate gaseous, liquid and solid state respectively. Where no state is indicated, data are for the gas. NOTE 2 References are listed in the Bibliography. In many cases, internal energies of formation have been worked out from enthalpy of formation values. - Internal energy or en
46、thalpy as a function of temperature 1 . As a minimum, the detonation products listed in Table 2 should be considered, as required, depending on the composition elements. Others may also be included. The detonation products used should be reported. For the calculation of the equilibrium composition b
47、y means of minimization of the free energy of the products, the following is also required to build a chemical potential: - Entropy constant, or entropy at one temperature. With these basic data, the following ideal thermodynamic functions can be formed; reference state is taken that of the elements
48、 in their stable state at 298 K and atmospheric pressure: Internal energy For gases, ) T ( ) H H ( E ) E E ( E ) T ( E i T fi i T fi i 298 R 298 298 298 298 + = + = T being absolute temperature. For condensed species, i T fi i H H H T E ) ( ) ( 298 298 + = Chemical potential:1These can be obtained f
49、rom Chase (1998), Meyer et al. (2002) and other sources. Polynomial fits are customarily used. The source of the data used should be reported. i i T fi o i TS ) H H ( H ) T ( + = 298 298 EN 13631-15:2005 (E) 10 Entropy: ci pi i S T T c T S + = d ) ( S cibeing the integration constant for entropy, a data. The molar heats (H T H 298 ) i are usually given as poly
