1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58The European Standard EN 13921:2007 has the status of a British StandardICS 13.180; 13.340.01Person
2、al protective equipment Ergonomic principlesBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 13921:2007BS EN 13921:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 September 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 53156 9Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Comme
3、ntscontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13921:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committe
4、e PH/9, Applied ergonomics, to Subcommittee PH/9/7, Ergonomics and personal protective equipment.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUR
5、OPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 13921May 2007ICS 13.180; 13.340.01English VersionPersonal protective equipment - Ergonomic principlesEquipements de protection individuelle - PrincipesergonomiquesPersnliche Schutzausrstung - Ergonomische GrundstzeThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 March 2007.CE
6、N members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on appli
7、cation to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has
8、 the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portug
9、al,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means rese
10、rvedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13921:2007: EEN 13921:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword4 Introduction .5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Factors to be considered on general specification of ergonomic requirements8 4.1 General8 4.2 Integration of per
11、formance and ergonomic requirements 8 4.3 Factors to be considered in the determination of the best ergonomic solution 9 4.3.1 General9 4.3.2 Factors to be considered in specifying the optimum level of protection to be provided9 4.3.3 Factors to be considered in specifying the optimal practicability
12、 .9 4.3.4 Factors for measuring the physiological impact of PPE.10 4.4 Factors to be considered in specifying requirements for the adjustability of PPE and its appropriate fixation to the body.10 4.5 Factors to be considered in specifying requirements to ensure that PPE does not irritate or cause di
13、scomfort 10 4.6 Factors to be considered in specifying requirements to take into account the anthropometric factors of PPE.11 4.7 Factors to be considered in specifying requirements to take into account the biomechanical characteristics of PPE.12 4.7.1 General12 4.7.2 Mass distribution .12 4.7.3 Res
14、triction and prevention of movements12 4.7.4 Abrasion or compression of the skin and underlying structures 12 4.7.5 Exacerbation of vibration13 4.8 Factors to be considered in specifying requirements to take into account the thermal characteristics of PPE.13 4.8.1 General13 4.8.2 Thermal characteris
15、tics of materials and complete PPE 13 4.9 Factors to be considered in specifying requirements to take into account the sensory effects of PPE.14 4.9.1 General14 4.9.2 Vision 14 4.9.3 Hearing14 4.9.4 Taste or smell.14 4.9.5 Touch or other skin contact .15 5 Verification procedure for compliance with
16、ergonomic characteristics15 5.1 General approach 15 5.2 Selecting an appropriate type of test.16 5.3 Assessment of the anthropometric characteristics of PPE and their impact on the wearer 16 5.4 Assessment of the biomechanical characteristics of PPE and their impact on the wearer17 5.4.1 General17 5
17、.4.2 Mass 17 5.4.3 Restriction of movement.18 5.4.4 Compression18 5.4.5 Vibration .18 5.5 Assessment of the thermal characteristics of PPE and their impact on the wearer18 5.5.1 General18 EN 13921:2007 (E) 3 5.5.2 Possible test methods for thermal characteristics19 5.6 Assessment of the sensory char
18、acteristics of PPE and their impact on the wearer.19 5.6.1 General .19 5.6.2 Visual aspects of PPE.20 5.6.3 Auditory aspects of PPE.20 5.6.4 Smell or taste aspects of PPE21 5.6.5 Skin contact aspects of PPE 21 Annex A (informative) Ergonomic assessment of PPE using panels of test subjects22 A.1 Intr
19、oduction22 A.2 Principle .22 A.3 Wearer trials.23 A.4 Duration of tests 24 A.5 Test of thermal impact 24 A.5.1 General .24 A.5.2 Task.24 A.5.3 Subjects25 A.5.4 Subject safety 25 A.5.5 Measurements .25 Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements o
20、f EU Directive 89/68627 Bibliography28 EN 13921:2007 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 13921:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
21、of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2007. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports
22、essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this Europ
23、ean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United King
24、dom. EN 13921:2007 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard provides guidance for the writers of personal protective equipment (PPE) product standards on the specification of ergonomic requirements. Ergonomics involves the application of scientific methods and appropriate data to the design and spe
25、cification of machines, equipment, environments and systems that people use. The successful use of ergonomics in designing PPE will enhance the acceptability of the PPE and through this improve the safety, health, performance and effectiveness of the user. PPE is used in situations where a risk to h
26、ealth or safety has been identified. The preferred solution is to reduce the risk to zero and thereby to remove the need for PPE. If this is not possible, the threat should be reduced so that practical PPE can minimise the risk to people exposed to that hazard. In some working conditions some PPE ma
27、y be more comfortable than none and not to be considered as an additional weight (shoes etc.). Side effects of using PPE can range from discomfort to severe constraint and physical load. The application of ergonomic principles to PPE allows optimisation of the balance between protection and usabilit
28、y. Some aspects of the design and specification of PPE require specialist knowledge of the particular job the PPE is used for; the particular hazard against which the PPE is to be effective or particular ergonomics issues. Although this European Standard covers many aspects, the writers of product s
29、tandards should be aware that it cannot be expected to identify all the possible future problem points for which ergonomic requirements and test methods will be required in product standards. It will remain the responsibility of the relevant experts, to identify and quantify the hazards in the work
30、and to foresee the potential ergonomic problems, and thus to ensure that the PPE specified and manufactured is fit for the purposes intended in all respects. For practical reasons, this European Standard presents ergonomics factors separately. However, it should be recognised that the overall accept
31、ability of an item of PPE will be determined by a combination of these and other factors by the individual user. EN 13921:2007 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard provides guidance on the generic ergonomic characteristics related to personal protective equipment (PPE). It specifies for the writers
32、of PPE product standards, principles relating to: anthropometric characteristics related to PPE; the biomechanical interaction between PPE and the human body; the thermal interaction between PPE and the human body; the interaction between PPE and the human senses: vision; hearing; smell and taste; a
33、nd skin contact. This European Standard does not cover requirements related to the specific hazard for which PPE is designed. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For un
34、dated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 12894, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Medical supervision of individuals exposed to extreme hot or cold environments (ISO 12894:2001) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Eur
35、opean Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 anthropometrics of PPE application of human body measurements to the design of PPE including variation in dimensions within the user group 3.2 auditory aspects qualities which interfere with the users ability to hear 3.3 biomechanics of
36、PPE application of principles and methods from physics and engineering to describe the effect undergone by the human body and various body segments and the forces acting on these body segments including physical loading which may be caused by PPE 3.4 body heat balance increase or decrease in the hea
37、t content of the body caused by an imbalance between heat production and heat loss, usually expressed in terms of unit area of total body surfaces EN 13921:2007 (E) 7 3.5 evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble Re, clresistance of vapour transport of a uniform layer of insulation covering the
38、entire body that has the same effect on evaporative heat loss as the actual clothing under standardized (static, wind-still) conditions NOTE The definition of Re, cl also includes the uncovered parts of the body, like head and hands. 3.6 general thermal comfort total subjective satisfaction with the
39、 thermal environment, based on whole body sensation 3.7 hazard potential source of harm NOTE 1 The term “hazard“ can be qualified in order to define its origin (e.g. mechanical hazard, electrical hazard) or the nature of the potential harm (e.g. electric shock hazard, cutting hazard, toxic hazard, f
40、ire hazard). NOTE 2 The hazard envisaged in this definition: either is permanently present during the intended use of the machine (e.g. motion of hazardous moving elements, electric arc during a welding phase, unhealthy posture, noise emission, high temperature); or may appear unexpectedly (e.g. exp
41、losion, crushing hazard as a consequence of an unintended/unexpected start-up, ejection as a consequence of a breakage, fall as a consequence of acceleration/deceleration). EN ISO 12100-1:2003; 3.6 3.8 local thermal comfort subjective satisfaction with the thermal environment, based on local body ar
42、ea sensations 3.9 masking effect process by which the threshold of hearing of one sound is raised due to the presence of another 3.10 PPE user group group of people exposed to a hazard which requires the use of PPE 3.11 risk combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of th
43、at harm EN ISO 12100-1:2003; 3.11 3.12 skin contact information from skin contact and touch, such as irritation, tickle, cold, hot, pressure and pain 3.13 smell odours or the modification of existing odours which may adversely affect any performance-related sensation or otherwise impair acceptabilit
44、y EN 13921:2007 (E) 8 3.14 thermal insulation reciprocal of the rate at which heat is conducted between unit area of two parallel surfaces in a medium when unit temperature difference is maintained between them 3.15 thermal sensation subjective perception of thermal state 3.16 thermal state relation
45、 between heat production and heat loss in the human body 3.17 thermal strain physiological responses of the human body to cold or heat exposure 3.18 vestibular orientation sensations of the orientation of the head, together with movement and accelerative forces 3.19 visual aspects prevention or impa
46、irment of the ability to see visual signals or information 4 Factors to be considered on general specification of ergonomic requirements 4.1 General Harmonised product standards for PPE should contain ergonomic requirements and test methods, or should make normative reference to other standards to b
47、e applied. Usually, ergonomic assessments of PPE have to be made while people are wearing it. Wherever possible, the assessments should be objective, although some aspects can only be assessed subjectively. Examples of how to make assessments are given in Annex A. 4.2 Integration of performance and
48、ergonomic requirements The primary purpose of PPE is to provide protection against specific hazards that cannot be eliminated or adequately reduced by other means. Product standards should therefore contain performance requirements and test methods to ensure that the products provide the appropriate
49、 protection against the identified hazards, and that they are ergonomically suitable for the users. Product standards writers should consider the tasks being performed; the equipment being used; the duration of the usage of the PPE; and the environments likely to be encountered. They should ensure as far as possible that the PPE does not create hazards for the users. This may be by incorporating in product standards requirements and test methods based on this European Standard. Where the presence of more than one risk or th
