1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58rubber sheets for roof waterproofing Determination of resistance to root penetrationThe European St
2、andard EN 13948:2007 has the status of a British StandardICS 91.100.50Flexible sheets for waterproofing Bitumen, plastic and BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 13948:2007BS EN 13948:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2007 BSI 2007
3、ISBN 978 0 580 56996 8Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13948:2007
4、.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/546, Flexible sheets for waterproofing and water vapour control, to Subcommittee B/546/2, Plastics and rubber sheets.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This
5、publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 13948June 2007ICS 91.100.50English VersionFlexible sheets for waterproofing - Bitumen, plastic and rubbersheets for roof waterproofing - Determination of resistance toroot pene
6、trationFeuilles souples dtanchit - Feuilles dtanchit detoiture, bitumineuses, plastiques et lastomres -Dtermination de la rsistance la pntration des racinesAbdichtungsbahnen - Bitumen-, Kunststoff- undElastomerbahnen fr Dachabdichtungen - Bestimmung desWiderstandes gegen DurchwurzelungThis European
7、Standard was approved by CEN on 23 May 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning s
8、uch nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language
9、 and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembou
10、rg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of
11、exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13948:2007: EEN 13948:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle5 5 Apparatus .6 5.1 Greenhouse 6 5.2 Test and control co
12、ntainers6 5.3 Moisture layer.7 5.4 Pressure distribution layer .7 5.5 Growing substrate .7 5.6 Fertiliser8 5.6.1 Basic fertilisers (to be mixed with the growing substrate).8 5.6.2 Slow working coated fertiliser (to be used during the testing period)8 5.7 Tensiometer8 5.8 Test plants8 5.9 Water quali
13、ty for irrigation8 6 Sampling of test specimens .9 7 Procedure .9 7.1 Preparation of growing substrate 9 7.2 Preparation and installation of the test containers10 7.3 Preparation and installation of the control containers12 7.4 Care of the plants.12 8 Expression of results 13 8.1 General13 8.2 Durin
14、g the test13 8.3 At the end of the test .13 9 Precision of test method.14 10 Test report 14 EN 13948:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13948:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 254 “Flexible sheets for waterproofing”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Stand
15、ard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2007. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national st
16、andards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
17、 Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 13948:2007 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard has been prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 254 to determine the resistance to root penetration of flexible sheets for roof waterproofing. This Europ
18、ean Standard is based on a method developed by the Association FLL (Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau ( http:/www.f-l-l.de/english.html ), Bonn, Germany). EN 13948:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method to determine the resistance of roof waterproofin
19、g sheets to root penetration. This European Standard relates exclusively to sheets. It is not possible to test a system comprising several different sheets. This European Standard does not contain any evaluation of the sheet to be tested in respect of its environmental requirements. 2 Normative refe
20、rences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13037, Soil improvers and growing media
21、 Determination of pH EN 13038, Soil improvers and growing media Determination of electrical conductivity EN 13651, Soil improvers and growing media Extraction of calcium chloride/DTPA (CAT) soluble nutrients 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitio
22、ns apply. 3.1 root penetration roots that have grown into and/or through the surface or joints of a sheet under test where the underground parts of the plants have actively created cavities and thus damaged the sheet 4 Principle The protection against root penetration of a sheet is tested in contain
23、ers where the sheet is under exposure to roots under specified conditions. The test specimens of the sheet are installed in 6 test containers. The sheet shall have four wall corner joints, two base corner joints and one central T joint (see Figure 2). Additionally there shall be two control containe
24、rs without sheets providing a comparison of the vitality of the plants in the test and control containers throughout the whole test period. The containers receive a layer of growing substrate and a dense covering of vegetation. This produces a high growing pressure from the roots, emphasised by a li
25、mited amount of fertiliser and a moderate watering. The test and control containers are exposed in a climate-controlled greenhouse, in which the parameters having an influence on the growing of the plants can be controlled. The growing period is 2 years as this period is the minimum time necessary t
26、o obtain reliable results. EN 13948:2007 (E) 6 After the testing period, the growing substrate is taken away and the behaviour of the test samples is assessed to observe if any root penetration has occurred. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Greenhouse The greenhouse shall be capable of regulating the temperature and
27、 ventilation. The minimum of the internal temperature shall be (18 2) C in the daytime and (16 2) C at night. The greenhouse shall be ventilated when the internal temperature reaches (22 2) C. A temperature exceeding 35 C should be avoided. NOTE The natural light conditions in Central Europe associa
28、ted with the indicated temperatures give favourable conditions for the growth of the test plants throughout the year. No shading of the plants in summer or artificial light in winter is necessary. In the case where the tests are performed under significant different light conditions (i.e. North or S
29、outh of Europe), the light and the shading may be adapted in order to allow the plants to grow properly. Each 800 mm 800 mm container requires an area of approximately 2 m, taking into account the requirements for clearance as specified in 7.2. 5.2 Test and control containers 6 test containers and 2
30、 control containers are needed for testing one single sheet. The inside dimensions of the test containers shall be at least 800 mm 800 mm 250 mm. It may be necessary, for installation purposes, to have larger containers. The containers shall be fitted with transparent bases to allow the observation
31、of the roots, which may have passed through the sheet during the testing period, without taking away the growing substrate. The base shall be blacked out (with a foil for example) to avoid the growing of algae in the moisture layer. For the water supply to the moisture layer, the containers shall ha
32、ve a filler pipe, pointing obliquely upwards, with a diameter of 35 mm, ending near the base tray (see Figure 1). EN 13948:2007 (E) 7 Dimemsions in millimeters 80025035Figure 1 Construction of container 5.3 Moisture layer A layer of coarse mineral granulates shall be placed on the transparent bases
33、of the containers. It shall be permanently kept moist to encourage the roots to draw down onto the transparent base, in order to observe any early penetration of the roots This layer shall be composed of expanded slate/clay (grain fraction 8/16) of a quality suitable for use in hydroponics systems.
34、When determined in accordance with EN 13038, the expanded slate/clay shall have an electrical conductivity of 15,0 mS/m. 5.4 Pressure distribution layer In order to achieve a uniform distribution of the pressure, a fleece or woven material, 170 g/m and chemically compatible with the sheet to be test
35、ed, shall be placed directly under the sheet onto the moisture layer. 5.5 Growing substrate A mixture of homogeneous materials of identified quality available permanently at all of the test sites. It shall be structurally stable and show a favourable water/air rate and weak base fertiliser content f
36、or optimal development of the roots of the test plants. The growing substrate shall be a blend of: 70 % by volume of barely decomposed peat which shall have an electrical conductivity of 8,0 mS/m when determined according to EN 13038 and a pH 4,0 1,0 when determined according to EN 13037; 30 % by vo
37、lume of expanded slate/clay (grain fraction 8/16) complying with the requirements as specified in 5.3. The growing substrate shall be in direct contact with the test sample. EN 13948:2007 (E) 8 5.6 Fertiliser 5.6.1 Basic fertilisers (to be mixed with the growing substrate) a) Fertiliser suitable for
38、 substrates, containing N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), K (potassium) and Mg (magnesium). The fertiliser shall be poor in chloride (containing less than 0,5 % Cl). Composition and amount of the fertiliser shall be adapted to requirements to substrate (see 7.1). b) Fertiliser suitable for substrates, c
39、ontaining the trace nutrients iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), boron (B) and zinc (Zn). For the trace nutrient fertiliser use the amount recommended by the manufacturer. 5.6.2 Slow working coated fertiliser (to be used during the testing period) Fertiliser effective for 6 mon
40、ths to 8 months containing (15 5) % N, (7 3) % P and (15 5) % K. The amount of the slow working fertiliser shall be adapted to the need of 5 g N per application to a 800 mm 800 mm container. 5.7 Tensiometer For the control of the watering, one tensiometer per container, measuring range from 0 hPa to
41、 -600 hPa shall be used. 5.8 Test plants The following test plant shall be used: Pyracantha coccinea Orange Charmer - firethorn, in 2 l container, height (70 10) cm. 4 test plants per 800 mm 800 mm container shall be installed. When selecting the test plants, ensure that there is uniformly strong gr
42、owth of the plants. The test plants in the test containers shall, on average, have at least 80 % of the average vitality (height, stem diameter) of the plants in the control containers throughout the whole testing period. 5.9 Water quality for irrigation The water used for irrigation shall have: a)
43、electrical conductivity 70 mS/m; b) bicarbonate (HCO3) (3 1) me/l; c) sulfate (SO4) 250 mg/l; d) chloride (Cl) 50 mg/l; e) sodium (Na) 50 mg/l; f) nitrate (NO3) 50 mg/l. NOTE me = milliequivalent; 1 me = 1 millimol adjusted for electron charge. The water quality may be ascertained by contacting the
44、appropriate water supplier. EN 13948:2007 (E) 9 6 Sampling of test specimens A reference sample shall be taken from the sheet before and after the test. The sample taken shall have at least one joint and a surface of at least 1 m2. The reference sample shall be stored at temperatures between (15 10)
45、 C in a dark a dry room at the place (e.g. testing laboratory) where the test is conducted. In order to be able to identify the tested product clearly, the following information shall be ascertained at the beginning of the test: a) name of the product; b) intended use; c) type of material; d) thickn
46、ess of waterproofing layer (effective thickness for plastic and rubber sheets); e) product design/structure; f) year of manufacture; g) installation method at test site (overlap, joint technique, jointing agent, type of joint seal, cover strip over joints, special corner and angle joints); h) additi
47、on of radicidal agents (e.g. root retardant). NOTE Where the sheet is being tested by a third party, the manufacturer should supply a copy of the installation instructions (with date of validity) to the testing organization. 7 Procedure 7.1 Preparation of growing substrate The pH value of the substr
48、ate consisting of peat and expanded slate/clay (see 5.5) shall be adjusted to pH (6,2 0,8) by adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The required amount can be determined from the following procedure: a) take 5 samples of well mixed growing substrate per 1 l; b) moisten the samples with tap water; c) add
49、 different amounts of calcium carbonate (4 g, 5 g, 6 g, 7 g, and 8 g) to the individual samples; d) place each samples in a plastic bag, seal and label; e) store the samples in the bag for 3 days at a temperature of (20 5) C; f) determine pH according to EN 13037; g) extrapolate the amount of calcium carbonate that led to the desired pH value in the 1 l sample to the total volume of growing substrate. The basic fertiliser, as given in 5.6.1, shall be mixed homogeneous
