1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15400:2011Solid recovered fuels Determination of calorific valueBS EN 15400:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15400
2、:2011. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 15400:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include
3、 all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 68164 6ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and
4、Strategy Committee on 31 March 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15400:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15400 March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15400:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of calorific value Combustibl
5、es solides de rcupration - Dtermination du pouvoir calorifique Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des BrennwertesThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
6、European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official ver
7、sions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria
8、, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEA
9、N COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15400:2011: EBS EN 15400:2011EN
10、 15400:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Principle 65 Reagents .76 Apparatus .77 Preparation of test sample . 108 Calorimetric procedure 119 Calibration . 1710 Gross calorific value 2211 Precision 2612 Calculation of net ca
11、lorific value at constant pressure 2713 Test report . 28Annex A (normative) Adiabatic bomb calorimeters . 29Annex B (normative) Isoperibol and static-jacket bomb calorimeters . 33Annex C (normative) Automated bomb calorimeters . 38Annex D (informative) Checklists for the design and procedures of com
12、bustion experiments 41Annex E (informative) Examples to illustrate the main calculations used in this European Standard if an automated (adiabatic) bomb calorimeter is used for determinations 46Annex F (informative) List of symbols used in this European Standard 49Annex G (informative) Key-word inde
13、x 52Annex H (informative) Flow chart for a routine calorific value determination . 55Annex I (informative) Interlaboratory test results . 56Bibliography . 58BS EN 15400:2011EN 15400:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15400:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered
14、 fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2
15、011. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15400:2006. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under
16、 a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This document differs from CEN/TS 15400:2006 mainly as follows: a) specification respectively recommendation regarding repeatability and reproducibility limits deleted; b) results of interlaboratory tests inf
17、ormatively added in Annex I; c) whole document editorially revised. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
18、Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 15400:2011EN 15400:2011 (E) 4 Introduction WARNING Strict adhere
19、nce to all of the provisions specified in this document should ensure against explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, provided that the bomb is of proper design and construction and in good mechanical condition. This European Standard is based on ISO 1928 and EN 14918 and modified to solid rec
20、overed fuels with some additions and alterations specific to solid recovered fuels properties. The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the sample analysed at constant volume with all the water of the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, solid recovered fuels are burned at a
21、constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is either not condensed (removed as vapour with the flue gases) or condensed. Under both conditions, the operative heat of combustion to be used is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can a
22、lso be used; equations are given for calculating both values. General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the solid recovered fuels experiments are presented in the normative text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are specified in Ann
23、exes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel experiments using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples to illustrate some of the calculations. BS EN 15400:2011EN 15400:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determination o
24、f gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For da
25、ted references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15296, Solid biofuels Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions
26、and descriptions EN 15358, Solid recovered fuels Quality management systems Particular requirements for their application to the production of solid recovered fuels EN 15414-3, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis samp
27、le EN 15440, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the determination of biomass content EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample EN ISO 10304-1, Water quality Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions Part 1: Determination of bromide,
28、chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate (ISO 10304-1:2007) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 gross calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of co
29、mbustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified NOTE The products of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour)
30、 saturated with carbon dioxide under the conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature. 3.2 net calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen under cond
31、itions of constant volume and such that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (in a hypothetical state at 0,1 MPa), the other products being, as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature 3.3 net calorific value at constant pressure absolute value of the
32、 specific heat (enthalpy) of combustion, in Joules, for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen at constant pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at
33、the reference temperature BS EN 15400:2011EN 15400:2011 (E) 6 3.4 reference temperature international reference temperature for thermo-chemistry of 25 C is adopted as the reference temperature for calorific values (see 8.7) NOTE The temperature dependence of the calorific value of solid recovered fu
34、els is small less than 1 J/(g K). 3.5 effective heat capacity of the calorimeter amount of energy required to cause unit change in temperature of the calorimeter 3.6 corrected temperature rise change in calorimeter temperature caused solely by the processes taking place within the combustion bomb NO
35、TE 1 It is the total observed temperature rise corrected for heat exchange, stirring power etc. (see 8.6). NOTE 2 The change in temperature can be expressed in terms of other units: resistance of a platinum or thermistor thermometer, frequency of a quartz crystal resonator etc., provided that a func
36、tional relationship is established between this quantity and a change in temperature. The effective heat capacity of the calorimeter can be expressed in units of energy per such an arbitrary unit. Criteria for the required linearity and closeness in conditions between calibrations and fuel experimen
37、ts are given in 9.3. NOTE 3 A list of the symbols used and their definitions is given in Annex F. 4 Principle 4.1 Gross calorific value A weighed portion of the analysis sample of a solid recovered fuel is burned in high-pressure oxygen in a bomb calorimeter under specified conditions. The effective
38、 heat capacity of the calorimeter is determined in calibration experiments by the combustion of certified benzoic acid under similar conditions, accounted for in the certificate. The corrected temperature rise is established from observations of temperature before, during and after the combustion re
39、action takes place. The duration and frequency of the temperature observations depend on the type of calorimeter used. Water is added to the bomb initially to give a saturated vapour phase prior to combustion (see 8.2.1 and 9.2.2), thereby allowing all the water formed, from the hydrogen and moistur
40、e in the sample, to be regarded as liquid water. The gross calorific value is calculated from the corrected temperature rise and the effective heat capacity of the calorimeter, with allowances made for contributions from ignition energy, combustion of the fuse(s) and for thermal effects from side re
41、actions such as the formation of nitric acid. Furthermore, a correction is applied to account for the difference in energy between the aqueous sulphuric acid formed in the bomb reaction and gaseous sulphur dioxide, i.e. the required reaction product of sulphur in the solid recovered fuel. The corres
42、ponding energy effect between aqueous and gaseous hydrochloric acid is neglected for solid recovered fuels. NOTE The corresponding energy effect between aqueous and gaseous hydrochloric acid depends on the sample characteristics, e.g. the content of inorganic and organic chlorine, mineral compositio
43、n and the actual pH-value in bomb liquid. At the present time no values are available for this chlorine correction. Attention should be paid to the extremely high chlorine content in the test sample because e.g. PVC fractions can affect the calorific value significantly. 4.2 Net calorific value The
44、net calorific value at constant volume and the net calorific value at constant pressure of the solid recovered fuel are obtained by calculation from the gross calorific value at constant volume determined on the analysis sample. The calculation of the net calorific value at constant volume requires
45、information about the moisture and hydrogen contents of the analysis sample. In principle, the calculation of the net calorific value at constant pressure also requires information about the oxygen and nitrogen contents of the sample. BS EN 15400:2011EN 15400:2011 (E) 7 5 Reagents 5.1 Oxygen, at a p
46、ressure high enough to fill the bomb to 3 MPa, pure with an assay of at least 99,5 % volume fraction, and free from combustible matter. NOTE Oxygen made by the electrolytic process can contain up to 4 % volume fraction of hydrogen. 5.2 Fuse 5.2.1 Ignition wire, of nickel-chromium 0,16 mm to 0,20 mm
47、in diameter, platinum 0,05 mm to 0,10 mm in diameter, or another suitable conducting wire with well-characterized thermal behaviour during combustion. 5.2.2 Cotton fuse, of white cellulose cotton, or equivalent, if required (see NOTE 1 of 8.2.1). 5.3 Combustion aids, of known gross calorific value,
48、composition and purity, e.g. benzoic acid, n-dodecane, paraffin oil, combustion bags or capsules. 5.4 Standard volumetric solutions and indicators, only for use if analysis of final bomb solutions is required. 5.4.1 Barium hydroxide solution, cBa(OH)2 = 0,05 mol/l. 5.4.2 Sodium carbonate solution, c
49、(Na2C03) = 0,05 mol/I. 5.4.3 Sodium hydroxide solution, c(NaOH) = 0,1 mol/I. 5.4.4 Hydrochloric acid solution, c(HCI) = 0,1 mol/I. 5.4.5 Screened methyl orange indicator, 1 g/I solution: Dissolve 0,25 g of methyl orange and 0,15 g of xylene cyanole FF in 50 ml of ethanol with a volume fraction of 95 % and dilute to 250 ml with water. 5.4.6 Phenolphthalein, 10 g/I solution: Dissolve 2,5 g of phenolphthalein in 250 ml ethanol with a volume fraction of 95 %. 5.5 Benzoic acid,
