1、Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIg49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58m
2、echanical loads Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluationICS 55.180.01Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15433-3:2007BS EN 15433-3:2007Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSITh
3、is British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56272 3Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsCompliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National f
4、orewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15433-3:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport t
5、o include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15433-3December 2007ICS 55.180.01English VersionTransportation loads - Measurement and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 3: Data validi
6、ty check and data editingfor evaluationCharges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des chargesmcaniques dynamiques - Partie 3 : Contrle de validitdes donnes et dition des donnes pour valuationTransportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 3:Datengltigkeitsber
7、prfung und Datenaufbereitung fr dieAuswertungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteratio
8、n. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translatio
9、nunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece
10、, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Cent
11、re: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15433-3:2007: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 2 Cont
12、ents Page Foreword. 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 6 3 Identification of physical events . 6 3.1 General. 6 3.2 Identification of periodic signal components 7 3.3 Identification of time-varying signals . 7 4 Visual inspection of analogue time histories. 10 4.1 Signal clipping. 1
13、0 4.2 Excessive instrumentation noise 11 4.3 Intermittent noise 13 4.4 Power line pickup 14 4.5 Spurious trends. 15 4.6 Signal dropouts. 17 5 Visual inspection of digital time histories 18 5.1 General. 18 5.2 Signal clipping. 18 5.3 Excessive digital noise. 19 5.4 Wild points. 19 5.5 Spurious trends
14、. 20 6 Visual inspection of analysed data . 20 6.1 General. 20 6.2 Probability density plots 20 6.2.1 General. 20 6.2.2 Signal clipping. 21 6.2.3 Intermittent noise 21 6.2.4 Wild points. 22 6.2.5 Power line pickup 22 6.2.6 Signal dropouts. 23 6.3 Narrow band spectral analysis 24 6.3.1 General. 24 6.
15、3.2 Excessive instrumentation noise 25 6.3.3 Power line pickup 25 7 Corrective editing of time histories. 26 7.1 General. 26 7.2 Corrections of excessive instrumentation noise. 27 7.3 Removal of intermittent noise spikes and wild points 27 7.4 Removal of spurious trends 28 7.5 Removal of temporary s
16、ignal dropouts28 8 Identification of periodic components 30 8.1 General. 30 8.2 Narrow-band spectral analysis 30 8.3 Band-limited probability density analysis 31 9 Identification of stationary and non-stationary trends . 31 Bibliography . 33 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/
17、04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15433-3:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publi
18、cation of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held res
19、ponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Fra
20、nce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled C
21、opy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 4 Introduction This standard was originally prepared by working group NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardization Institute (DIN). It is part of a complete normative concept to acquire and describe the loads acting on goods and influencing them d
22、uring transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes significant when related to the realisation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 December 1994). This directive specifies requirements on the avoidance or reduction of packaging waste, and requ
23、ires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the expected transportation load, in order to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the transportation loads occurring during shipment. At present, basic standards, based on scientifically confir
24、med values, which can adequately describe and characterize the magnitudes of transportation loads, especially in the domain of dynamic mechanical loads do not exist nationally or internationally. Reasons for this are mainly the absence of published data and insufficient description of the measuremen
25、ts or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This standard will enable measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of standardized and adequately documented load values. This series of standards consists of the following parts:
26、 Part 1: General requirements Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equipment Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation Part 4: Data evaluation Part 5: Derivation of test specifications Part 6: Automatic recording systems for measuring randomly occurring s
27、hock during monitoring of transports. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This standard defines procedures for assessing the validity of results acquired in accordance with EN 15433-2, and for evaluating the
28、se results. NOTE When measuring and analysing dynamic processes, quite often unnoticed or difficult to recognize disturbances or erroneous measurements occur, which impair the application of these values. These procedures are necessary in order to detect possible errors before any actual analysis oc
29、curs. Figure 1 provides an overview of the data validation and editing processes in this standard. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 6 Figure 1 Outline of data validation and editing procedures 2 Normative reference
30、s Not applicable. 3 Identification of physical events 3.1 General A measured time signal shall be associated with the physical events that happen during a measurement. If the data are produced by a printer or plotter or with an analogue recorder, then the frequency response of these devices shall be
31、 equal to or greater than the frequency range of interest in the data. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 7 NOTE The first step in data validation and editing is identifying each signal at all relevant physical event
32、s associated with the measurement. Identification should preferably be achieved by inspecting the analogue or digital signals visually, either on paper copies or on the monitor. It is assumed that the measured signal is of a periodic, random or transient nature see Figure 2 a) and b). In practice, t
33、hese signals are most commonly of a combined nature see Figure 2c). a) YXb) YXc) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axis Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 2 Periodic (a), random (b), and mixed signals (c) 3.2 Identification of periodic signal components Periodic components in measured signals shall be identified,
34、e.g. by visual inspection of paper recordings, in order to treat them correctly during the analysis. 3.3 Identification of time-varying signals Transient or non-stationary physical events shall be identified by measured time signals (see Figure 3), in order to separate them at a later time, and to p
35、erform a separate analysis. NOTE 1 Transient signals are broadly defined as those that have a definite beginning and end see Figure 3a). Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 8 a) YXb) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axis Instant
36、aneous value x(t) Figure 3 Transient (a) and non-stationary random signal (b) NOTE 2 Non-stationary occurrences are due to long-lasting events with continuous varying characteristics. Figure 4 shows the main transients and superimposed occurrences during a road transport. The identification of trans
37、ients and non-stationary events is not only needed to assist the data validation, but is essential also for the selection of appropriate analysis procedures. Based upon physical considerations, situations may arise where a measured time history reveals an apparent non-stationary trend, which is not
38、anticipated. This trend can be wrong. On the other hand, it might be indicative of an unexpected time-varying property of the measured phenomenon, in which case the presence of a trend could have important physical implications. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15
39、, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 9 YX0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 22,0 24,0 26,0-15,0-10,0-5,00,05,010,015,01234Key 1 Deceleration 2 Branching off; changing road surface condition 3 Acceleration 4 Pothole Figure 4 Identification of physical events in a measured si
40、gnal Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 10 4 Visual inspection of analogue time histories 4.1 Signal clipping Measured time signals of a periodic, random or transient nature shall be checked for signal clipping (see
41、Figure 5). If signal clipping is detected during data acquisition, then the recorded data are useless. No attempt shall be made to introduce non-linear corrections to signals that have been clipped. NOTE 1 One of the most common errors in data acquisition is too high a setting of the sensitivity of
42、any one of the data acquisition instruments. The result is signal limitation or signal clipping. An insufficient (high) sensitivity setting can also result in signal limitation, because the signal disappears within the noise. Such problems are easily corrected, but the corrections shall be performed
43、 immediately after the first measurements, and checks shall be repeated. Contrary to the two-sided clipping shown in Figure 5, a clipping can appear one-sided as well. Low-pass filtering of clipped signals obscures the results shown in Figure 5. After a filtering operation, it is difficult to detect
44、 a limited signal. Signal saturation in certain instruments of the measuring chain may also produce more complicated results than the ideal amplitude limiting shown in Figure 5, and shall therefore not be used. Specifically, there may be a zero shift in the signal level followed by a slow recovery,
45、which appears as a time-varying trend in the mean value of the signal. The probability density analysis of a signal (in particular, a stationary random signal), provides a powerful tool to detect clipping. As Figure 5c) shows, the detection of signal clipping by visual inspection is most difficult f
46、or a transient signal, particularly if it is a single pulse transient. To assist the detection of possible clipping in transient signals, it is recommended that the peak output voltage of each instrument within the measuring chain be determined and compared to the peak voltage represented by the mea
47、sured transient. If the peak voltage of the signal is equal to or greater than 95 % of the peak voltage of the instrumentation, this suggests that clipping might have occurred. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 28/04/2008 03:15, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 11 a
48、) YXb) YXc) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axis Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 5 Clipped periodic (a), random (b), and transient signals (c) In the case of random signals, it is recommended that a measurement be rejected if the clipping occurs within 1,5 standard deviations of the mean value of the clipped
49、signal. If a measurement cannot be repeated, then extrapolation of singular events, e.g. drop test of a container may be performed, should the physical causes leading to the exceeding of the measuring range and the boundary conditions be known, thereby permitting a reconstruction of the event. NOTE 2 For periodic and transient signals, clipping may dramatically reduce the indicated peak amplitude of the signal. Clipping also erroneously increases the high frequency content of the signal. 4.2 Excessive instrumentation noise Excessive noise in
