1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15440:2011Solid recovered fuels Methods for the determination of biomass contentIncorporating corrigendum October 2011BS EN 15440:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis
2、 British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15440:2011,are withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not pu
3、rport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Insitution 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 77044 9 ICS 75.160.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was publis
4、hed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2011.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedincorporating corrigendum October 2011. It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15440:2006 and DD CEN/TS 15747:2008, which 31 January 2012 Implementaion of CEN corr
5、igendum October 2011: Replacement of figures A.2 and A.3EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15440 March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15440:2006, CEN/TS 15747:2008English Version Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of biomasscontent Combustibles solides de r
6、cupration - Mthode de dtermination de la teneur en biomasse Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Biomasse This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the condit
7、ions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists
8、in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standa
9、rds bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Un
10、ited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15440:2011
11、: EIncorporating corrigendum October 20112 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Symbols and abbreviations 85 Principle 86 Determination of biomass content .86.1 Sampling .86.2 Applicable methods .86.3 Selection of methods for the determi
12、nation of the biomass content .97 Calculation . 118 Expression of results . 128.1 Example for biomass carbon values 128.2 Performance characteristics . 129 Test report . 13Annex A (normative) Determination of biomass content using the selective dissolution method . 14Annex B (normative) Determinatio
13、n of biomass content using the manual sorting method 23Annex C (normative) Determination of the biomass content based on the 14C method 29Annex D (informative) Limitations of the determination methods 48Annex E (informative) Materials considered as CO2-neutral . 52Annex F (informative) Performance d
14、ata . 53Bibliography . 56BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E)3 Foreword This document (EN 15440:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by
15、 publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15440:2006 and CEN/TS 15747:2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elemen
16、ts of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document differs from CEN/TS 15440:2006 mainly as follows: a) the method based on 14C and presented earlier in CEN/TS 15747:2008 is added to t
17、he standard; b) results of interlaboratory tests supplemented as an informative Annex F; c) whole document editorially revised. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regul
18、ations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mal
19、ta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E)4 Introduction This European Standard specifies the methods for the determination of biomass content in solid recovered fuels. This European Standa
20、rd specifies three normative methods that are: the method of selective dissolution, the manual sorting method and the method based on the 14C content. The method of selective dissolution is based on the reaction of biomass material with a mixture of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The manual s
21、orting method is based on the separation of different fractions by visual inspection. The determination of the biomass content using the 14C method is based on the well established analytical procedures that are used for the determination of the age of carbon containing objects. With this European S
22、tandard the fraction of biomass is expressed: by weight; by energy content (gross or net calorific value); by carbon content. This European Standard is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels, but is also useful for the authorities and inspe
23、ction organizations. BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E)5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies three normative methods for the determination of the biomass fraction in solid recovered fuel, and when to use each method. The methods are the selective dissolution in a hydrogen peroxide/sulphuric aci
24、d mixture, the manual sorting method and the method based on the 14C content. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the refe
25、renced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 15400, Solid recovered fuels Determination of calorific value EN 15403, Solid recovered fuels Determination of ash content EN 154071), Solid recovered fuels Methods f
26、or the determination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) content EN 154131), Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample EN 15442, Solid recovered fuels Methods for sampling EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation of th
27、e laboratory sample CEN/TS 15414-1:2010, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:20
28、05) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 ash content inorganic mass remaining after complete combustion of a solid recovered fuel under specified conditions expressed as a percentage of the mass of th
29、e dry matter in the solid recovered fuel 3.2 biodegradable material capable of undergoing biological anaerobic or aerobic decomposition under conditions naturally occurring in the biosphere NOTE (Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of biodegradable waste; any waste that is capable of underg
30、oing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and paperboard.) 1)To be published. BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E)6 3.3 biogenic produced in natural processes by living organisms but not fossilized or derived from fossil resources 3.4 biomass2)NOTE 1 This term i
31、s defined in several Directives and Decisions. For the purpose of this European Standard the following are relevant: a) Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal elect
32、ricity market: biomass shall mean the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetable and animal substances) forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. b) COMMISSION DECISION (2007/589/EC) of
33、18 July 2007 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, as: biomass means non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms,
34、including products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related This term is defined in Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricit
35、y market. NOTE 2 Also see CEN/TR 14980. 3.5 calorific value energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion 3.6 gross calorific value measured value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen in calorimetric bomb under the cond
36、itions specified NOTE 1 The results of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference tempe
37、rature and at constant volume. NOTE 2 The old term for gross calorific value is higher heating value. 3.7 increment portion of solid recovered fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device 3.8 isotope abundance fraction of atoms of a particular isotope of an element 3.9 laboratory samp
38、le sample sent to or received by the laboratory NOTE 1 When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is
39、the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of the test or for analysis. NOTE 2 The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory. 2)No definition. BS EN
40、15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E)7 NOTE 3 Several laboratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample. 3
41、.10 total moisture moisture in a solid recovered fuel removable under specific conditions NOTE The old term for total moisture is moisture content. 3.11 net calorific value calculated value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen in calorimetric
42、bomb under such conditions that all the water remains as water vapor at 0,1 MPa NOTE The old term for net calorific value is lower heating value. 3.12 nominal minimum size aperture size of the sieve used for determining the particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels through which no more th
43、an 5 % by mass of the material passes 3.13 nominal top size aperture size of the sieve used for determining the particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes 3.14 percentage modern Carbon (pmC) percent modern carbon relative to the NIS
44、T Oxalic acid standard reference material SRM4990B NOTE 1 The internationally accepted radiocarbon dating reference value is 95 percent of the activity, in AD 1950, of this NBS oxalic acid SRM4990B. NOTE 2 In 2008 the value of 100 % biogenic carbon is set at 107 pmC. 3.15 sample quantity of material
45、, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined 3.16 sample preparation all actions taken to obtain representative analyses samples or test portions from the original sample 3.17 sub-sample sample obtained by procedures in which the items of interest are randomly dis
46、tributed in parts of equal or unequal size NOTE 1 A sub-sample can be: d) a portion of the sample obtained by selection or division; e) the final sample of multistage sample-preparation. NOTE 2 The definition for sub-sample is adopted from CEN/TC 292. BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E)8 4 Symbols an
47、d abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply. C Symbol for element carbon D Diameter (mm) 14C Carbon isotope with an atomic mass of 14 MS Manual sorting method RES-E Directive 2001/77/EC of the European parliament and council of 27 September 2001 R
48、SD Relative standard deviation SDM Selective dissolution method SRF Solid recovered fuel TC Total carbon content X Fraction expressed as a percentage by weight. Expressions to different bases employed in this document are given with the suffixes: (ad)for air-dried: (ar)for as received: (d)for dry: (
49、daf)for dry and ash free, where appropriate. Example; calNB(d)x means the fraction of energy content in the non-biomass fraction, on dry basis 5 Principle The determination of the biomass content is based on selective dissolution, manual sorting or 14C measurement of biomass in solid recovered fuel. The choice for the method to be used is described in the next clause. The biomass content gives an estimation of the content of the biodegradable/biogenic fraction in solid recov
