1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15443:2011Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation ofthe laboratory sampleBS EN 15443:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK impleme
2、ntation of EN 15443:2011. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 15443:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not
3、 purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 67496 9ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theSt
4、andards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15443:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15443 March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15443:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the preparat
5、ion of the laboratory sample Combustibles solides de rcupration - Mthodes de prparation des chantillons de laboratoire Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Herstellung von Laboratoriumsproben This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the
6、CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management
7、Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as
8、 the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rom
9、ania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
10、 worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15443:2011: EBS EN 15443:2011EN 15443:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 41 Scope 72 Normative references 73 Terms and definitions .74 Symbols and abbreviations 85 Principles of correct sample preparation 96 Apparatus 116.1 Apparatus for sample divisio
11、n 116.1.1 Riffle boxes 116.1.2 Rotary sample dividers 116.1.3 Shovels and scoops . 126.2 Apparatus for particle size reduction . 136.2.1 Coarse cutting mill or wood crusher 136.2.2 Cutting mill 136.2.3 Shredder 136.3 Sieves . 146.4 Balance 147 Sample preparation procedure 147.1 General structure 147
12、.2 Step 1: Collection of the relevant information of the material to be sampled 147.3 Step 2: Making a sample preparation plan . 157.3.1 General . 157.3.2 Retaining the minimum (sub-)sample size . 177.4 Step 3: Performing the sample preparation plan 178 Methods for sample division . 189 Methods for
13、reducing laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples . 209.1 General . 209.2 Initial sample division 219.3 Initial mass determination . 219.4 Pre-drying 219.5 Coarse cutting (particle size reduction to (1) where m is the mass retained after each sample division step in g; d95is th
14、e nominal top size in mm; is a constant over the whole sample preparation procedure for a particular material in g/mm3. The value and unit of constant is fixed by the nominal particle size, d95, and the sample size, m, of the sample before sample preparation. EXAMPLE A sample of 10 kg of SRF fluff h
15、as d95of 50 mm. For the analysis is a test portion of 5 g required. The third power law results in = 10 000 g divided by 50 mm to the third power. The value of is now 0,08 g/mm3. Using this value in Equation (1) for a reduced sample size results in a nominal top size for the particles in the test po
16、rtion of 3,97 mm (cube root of 5,0 g divided by 0,08 g/mm3). Below in the table are shown the figures. m in g In g/mm3d95in mm 10 000 0,08 50 5 0,08 3,97Table 1 shows the resulting reduction factors for the minimum (sub-)sample size, if a certain reduction of the nominal top size is chosen and the t
17、hird-power law is respected. The reduction factor of the nominal top size can be calculated by dividing the current nominal top size by the proposed nominal top size after size reduction. BS EN 15443:2011EN 15443:2011 (E) 10 Table 2 shows the resulting reduction factors for the minimum nominal top s
18、ize, if a certain reduction of the (sub-)sample size is chosen and the third-power law is respected. The reduction factor of the minimum (sub-)sample size can be calculated by dividing the current minimum (sub-)sample size by the proposed minimum (sub-)sample top size after size reduction. Equation
19、(1) can be used to calculate the exact values for each specific situation. Table 1 Common values for desired reduction factor minimum (sub-)sample size Table 2 Common values for desired reduction factor nominal top size Chosen reduction factor of the nominal top size Resulting reduction factor for t
20、he minimum (sub-)sample size Desired reduction factor for the minimum (sub-)sample size Necessary reduction factor of the nominal top size 1,5 3,4 2 1,32 8 3 1,43 274 1,6 4 64 5 1,75 12510 2,26 21620 2,7 7 343 50 3,78 51280 4,39 729100 4,6 10 1 000 200 5,820 8 000500 7,930 27 0001 000 10,0 For SRF,
21、however, many materials turn out to be far from granular. For example in fluff the particles turn out to be predominantly flat. Therefore, for solid recovered fuels, a correction can made for non-granular materials. Care is needed to avoid loss of fine particles and volatile components such as moist
22、ure and mercury during milling and other operations. If a sub-sample is required for the determination of moisture content, then the sample preparation shall be carried out by a procedure that does not conflict with the requirements of CEN/TS 15414-1, CEN/TS 15414-2 or EN 15414-3. It is recommended
23、that, if moisture content of the material (as sampled) is to be determined, a separate moisture analysis sample is taken (as there is a risk of reducing the moisture content by sample preparation operations). If a sub-sample is required for the determination of mercury content, then the sample prepa
24、ration shall be carried out by a procedure that does not conflict with the requirements of EN 15297. It is recommended that, if mercury content of the material (as sampled) is to be determined, a separate mercury analysis sample is taken (as there is a risk of reducing the mercury content by sample
25、preparation operations). For materials that have to be examined for moisture and mercury content, care shall be taken for any significant heat build-up and risk of loss of moisture and mercury. BS EN 15443:2011EN 15443:2011 (E) 11 6 Apparatus 6.1 Apparatus for sample division 6.1.1 Riffle boxes A ri
26、ffle box shall have at least 16 slots and an even number of slots, with adjacent slots directing material into different sub-samples, and the width of the slots shall be at least 3 times the nominal top size of the material to be riffled (see Figure 2). Key 1 slot, width is at least 3 times the nomi
27、nal top size of the material Figure 2 Example of a riffle box 6.1.2 Rotary sample dividers A rotary sample divider shall have a feeder device adjusted so that the divider rotates at least 20 times while the sample is being divided. See Figure 3 for an example of a rotating divider. The manufacturers
28、 instruction manual shall always be followed. The inner dimensions of the equipment where the sample is feed shall be at least 3 times as wide as the nominal top size of the material to be processed. BS EN 15443:2011EN 15443:2011 (E) 12 Key 1 feeder 2 funnel 3 rotating receiver 4 divided sample Figu
29、re 3 Example of a rotary sample divider 6.1.3 Shovels and scoops A shovel or scoop used for manual sample division shall have a flat bottom, edges raised high enough to prevent particles rolling off, and shall be at least 3 times as wide as the nominal top size of the material to be processed. See F
30、igures 4 and 5 for examples of a scoop and a shovel respectively. Key d is the nominal top size Figure 4 Example of a scoop BS EN 15443:2011EN 15443:2011 (E) 13 Key l is the length of the shovel A - A sectional view Figure 5 Example of a shovel 6.2 Apparatus for particle size reduction 6.2.1 Coarse
31、cutting mill or wood crusher Coarse cutting mills are used for cutting materials into lengths of about 10 mm to 30 mm (depending on the solid recovered fuel and the analyses to be performed). The equipment shall have a minimum of drying effect either by heating the materials or blowing air through t
32、hem. The equipment shall be designed so that it does not lose dust or contaminate the material with pieces of metal, and shall be easy to clean. A cutting mill with no screens may be suitable for small quantities. 6.2.2 Cutting mill Cutting mills are used for particle size reduction of materials use
33、d as solid recovered fuels from about 10 mm to 30 mm down to about 1 mm or less (depending on the solid recovered fuel and the analyses to be performed). The mill shall be provided with screens of various aperture sizes covering this range, including an appropriate sieve to control the nominal top s
34、ize of the material produced. Other apparatus may be used provided that they are designed so that they do not get blocked with the material that is being processed. Avoid the use of cutting mills whose cutting faces contain significant quantities of an element that is to be determined in the analysi
35、s. NOTE Cross beater mills can be used without any excessive dusting, when fitted with dust filters (like a filter sock) between the mill and the receiving container. They are suitable for final grinding of hard, wood type materials after the pre-grinding with cutting type mills. 6.2.3 Shredder A sh
36、redder is an apparatus with a rotor equipped with hammers that shred the material which is fed to the shredder. Shredders are used for reducing the particle size down to 30 mm. In case of hardy and strong materials it can be necessary to perform the particle size reduction in more than one step. The
37、 use of BS EN 15443:2011EN 15443:2011 (E) 14 shredders for particle size reduction causes a risk of losing moisture and fine fractions. Therefore the use of shredders shall be avoided when possible. Unfortunately many types of solid recovered fuel contain plastics and metals and make therefore the u
38、se of a shredder necessary. 6.3 Sieves A wire-mesh sieve with an aperture size of 1,00 mm is required to check the nominal top size of general analysis samples. A wire-mesh sieve with an aperture size of 0,250 mm will be required if sub-samples with this as the nominal top size are required. 6.4 Bal
39、ance A balance is required that is capable of determining the mass of samples to an accuracy of 0,1 % of the sample mass, and the mass of sub-samples to an accuracy of 0,1 % of the sub-sample mass. 7 Sample preparation procedure 7.1 General structure Figure 6 outlines the general procedure that shal
40、l be followed in order to perform the sample preparation according to this European Standard. Figure 6 General sample preparation procedure 7.2 Step 1: Collection of the relevant information of the material to be sampled In the first step of sample preparation information shall be collected about th
41、e material to be sampled: a) the minimum sample size out of the sampling plan; b) the actual size of the sample, m0; c) the nominal top size of the sample; d) the shape factor of the sample; BS EN 15443:2011EN 15443:2011 (E) 15 e) the requirements in terms of size reduction for the analysis that nee
42、d to be performed; f) the required amounts for each of the size fractions and their restrictions to the sample preparation methods. Sample preparation prepares a sample for a number of tests which will be performed on the sample. Some of these tests require no particle size reduction or drying of th
43、e material in the sample. Other tests require very tiny homogenized sub-samples with small particle sizes. A sample preparation plan shall have to meet all these requirements. 7.3 Step 2: Making a sample preparation plan 7.3.1 General This subclause specifies the making of a sample preparation plan.
44、 The actual making of the sample preparation plan is the most crucial phase during sample preparation. Sample preparation is a combination of sample division and particle size reduction. Until what level a sample of solid recovered fuel shall be prepared on site depends on available equipment on sit
45、e, the requirements of the laboratory and the preferences of the client of the sampling activities. These two essential activities are specified below. Sample division The aim of sample division of a sub-sample is to reduce the mass remaining sub-sample or to make several duplicate sub-samples out o
46、f one original sub-sample available. During the performance of sample division it is of eminent importance that the minimum sub-sample size shall be retained in order to sustain the representatively of the sub-sample for the original combined sample. Clause 7 describes the available methods for samp
47、le division. Particle size reduction of a sample The aim of particle-size reduction is to reduce the nominal top size of the particles in order to reduce the minimum sub-sample size without losing representatively. During the performance of particle size reduction it is important that all materials
48、are included. Leaving out metals causes significant errors in the measured values of these and possibly accompanying metals. In order to make a valid sample preparation plan the plan shall contain at least the information as shown in Table 3. Table 3 can be used as a sample preparation plan. It spec
49、ifies all activities that shall be performed during the whole process of sample preparation. The actual structure of Table 3 shall be adjusted to the properties of the investigated SRF and the equipment selected in the laboratory takes place. This means that e.g. steps can be skipped or added if the nominal top size is already smaller than e.g. 30 mm or the coarse shredder results in a nominal top size different from 30 mm. Some of the information used to complete Table 3 such as techniques,
