1、BS EN 15445:2008ICS 13.040.40NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDFugitive and diffuseemissions of commonconcern to industrysectors Qualificationof fugitive dust sourcesby Reverse DispersionModellingThis British Standardwas published underthe authorit
2、y of theStandards Policy andStrategy Committee on 302008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56279 2Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN 15445:2008National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15445:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to
3、TechnicalCommittee EH/2/1, Stationary source emission.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance
4、with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.SeptemberBS EN 15445:2008EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15445January 2008ICS 13.040.40English VersionFugitive and diffuse emissions of common concern to industrysectors - Qualification of fugitive dust sources by
5、 ReverseDispersion ModellingEmissions fugitives et diffuses concernant divers secteursindustriels - Estimations des taux dmissions fugitive depoussires par Modelisation de Dispersion inverseFugitive und diffuse Emissionen von allgemeinem Interessefr Industriebereiche - Berechnung fugitiverEmissionsq
6、uellstrken aus Immissionsmessungen mit derRDM (Reverse Dispersion Modelling)-MethodeThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 November 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a
7、 national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version
8、in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
9、Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROP
10、ISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15445:2008: EBS EN 15445:2008EN 15445:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative refer
11、ences 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Principle5 5 Measurement Equipment 6 6 Dispersion model.6 7 Procedure .7 8 Calculations9 9 Precision.13 10 Report .13 Annex A (informative) Determination of conversion factors Dphdata to Daedata 15 Bibliography 17 BS EN 15445:2008EN 15445:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This
12、 document (EN 15445:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2008, and
13、 conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This Eu
14、ropean Standard has been elaborated under a mandate of the European Commission/DG Enterprise to support essential requirements of the IPPC Directive (96/61/EC) and by voluntary action of industry. The horizontal approach of common concern to industrial sectors is to gather industries concerned by di
15、ffuse/fugitive emissions and to develop methods suiting their needs. The industries of three trade associations have participated: EUROFER, EUROMETAUX and CEFIC. For practical reasons the two developed measurement methods, one for dusts and the other for gases are published as two separate standards
16、. This standard has not been developed for Air Quality Control purposes and therefore shall not be used for monitoring by authorities. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Aus
17、tria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 15
18、445:2008EN 15445:2008 (E) 4 1 Scope This standard specifies a Reverse Dispersion Modelling method to qualify the fugitive emission rates of diffuse fine and coarse dust sources of industrial plants or areas. The application needs calculations using a dispersion model, and the definition of a samplin
19、g experimental set-up taking into account field data such as number, height and width of diffuse dust sources, sampling distances, and meteorological information. The RDM method does not allow quantification in absolute figures of the dust emission rates because of an undetermined accuracy depending
20、 on various site conditions, but it is a tool which enables each industrial plant to identify its dust sources that emit the most, and then to implement actions reducing their importance by self-control and related improvement process as part of environmental management. In this framework, the RDM m
21、ethod should not be used to control or verify any compliance with air quality threshold global values which might be contained in an operating permit, or to carry out comparison between different plants belonging to the same industrial sector. 2 Normative references The following referenced document
22、s are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12341, Air Quality Determination of the PM10 fraction of suspended particulate
23、matter Reference method and field test procedure to demonstrate reference equivalence of measurement methods 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 fugitive dust emission uncontrolled dust emission to the atmosphere from diffuse emis
24、sion. EXAMPLE Windblown dust from stock piles, diffuse dust from workshop buildings, dust from handling dry bulk goods, re-suspension by traffic etc. 3.2 suspended particulate matter SPM notion of all particles surrounded by air in a given, undisturbed volume of air 3.3 PM10 fraction of SPM correspo
25、nding to a sampling target specification as defined in EN 12341 3.4 aerodynamic diameter (Dae) to any particle, characterized by a physical diameter Dphand a density, corresponds a Dae: it is the diameter of a spherical particle of a specific mass of 1 g/cm3, which would have the same limit falling
26、velocity in undisturbed air 3.5 fine dust fraction of SPM which particles display a physical diameter (Dph) lower than 10 m BS EN 15445:2008EN 15445:2008 (E) 5 NOTE If appropriate sampling devices are used, PM10 is applicable as fine dust, remembering that PM10 corresponds to the SPM fraction define
27、d on the basis of aerodynamic diameter of particles (Dae). 3.6 coarse dust fraction of SPM in which particles display a physical diameter (Dph) equal or higher than 10 m. No upper limit is defined because the size of the suspended particles depends on the density of particulate matter 3.7 background
28、 dust dust that is not related to the industrial activities of a plant, and generally coming from surrounding local and far-away sources outside the plant under investigation 3.8 dispersion factor of a dust source corresponds to the ratio between the contribution of a dust source i to the dust conce
29、ntration (g/m) at a sampling location, and the emission rate e (g/s) of this dust source iiiec =(1) 3.9 correlation coefficient, Rcorrelation coefficient obtained between sets of calculated dispersion factors of two dust sources; the value of Rindicates if two dust sources are independent or not EXA
30、MPLE When a dust sampler is located between two dust sources, for the one located upwind the dispersion factor value is higher than zero (0) and for the other one downwind the dispersion factor value is zero (=0). When the wind is blowing from the opposite direction, it is the reverse for .Then thei
31、r dispersion factors are not correlated. 3.10 correlation coefficient Rcbetween two sampling locations correlation coefficient obtained between measured dust concentrations in two sampling locations; the value of Rcindicates the relative contribution of the plant dust sources and background dust 3.1
32、1 coefficient R2dof multiple determination coefficient calculated from the multiple determination regression for a source. For each source taken into account, the value of R2drepresents the fraction of the variations in measured dust concentrations (source contribution) explained by the dispersion m
33、odel () ()idirdtiirdirdetctc = (2) 3.12 residue difference between a measured dust concentration at a sampling location, and the calculated dust concentration at the same location by using the mean emission rate of each investigated dust source 4 Principle Fugitive dust sources are not emitted at a
34、fixed flow rate and the emitted matter is dispersed in air. In many cases, different dust sources contribute to the dust concentration in a sampling location. Reverse-Dispersion Modelling is a method to obtain the mean emission rate estimation of each source by statistic treatment of: measured dust
35、concentrations in different sampling locations; BS EN 15445:2008EN 15445:2008 (E) 6 calculated dispersion factors ; to solve this equation: () ()idirdtiirdirdetctc = (3) where cirdis the concentration of particles with the aerodynamic diameter d (equal Dae), due to the source i at a sampling locatio
36、n r; irdt is the dispersion factor of particles with the aerodynamic diameter d (equal Dae), between source i and sampling location r; eid is source i emission rate of particles with the aerodynamic diameter d (equal Dae), that we try to find out. The dispersion of emitted matter is influenced by th
37、e location and geometry of the dust source, weather conditions, land roughness and the aerodynamic diameter d of particles. With an appropriate dispersion model and default emission rate e of 1 g/s, the dispersion factor can be calculated in different locations around a dust source. Contributions of
38、 different sources can be distinguished by simultaneous sampling in several locations, and calculation of correlation coefficient R between their sets of dispersion factors. The measurements of dust concentrations comprise a background dust contribution which the exact origin is mostly not well know
39、n. Nevertheless areas shall be defined as potential background sources to be taken into account for calculations. 5 Measurement Equipment 5.1 Fine dust sampler Devices used to measure the fine dust concentration at the sampling locations shall provide data with a sampling time resolution of 1 h, and
40、 shall collect the dust particles on a filter membrane (quartz fibre or PTFE) with a separation efficiency higher than 99,5 %. If the device is not sampling PM 10according to EN 12341, but a sampler which determines the proportion of particles with Dph0,5), they shall be combined to one source or on
41、e of the two sources shall be neglected. Otherwise, the experimental set-up shall be adjusted by performing more measurements depending on the objectives and plant facilities. After grouping two or several sources, resulting dispersion factors shall be recalculated for this group as one source for e
42、ach sampling location. 8.2.4 First emission rate estimates By using the dispersion factor values obtained for each dust source (or group) for each sampling location, and all dust Daefraction hourly concentrations corresponding to the measurements of samplers at the different sampling locations, the
43、emission rates e are calculated by stepwise, multiple regression to solve this equation: .5544332211eeeeec +=(5) The emission rate of a source can only be estimated, when during a long period of time the dispersion factor is higher than 1. This is achieved when at least one sampling location has bee
44、n downwind of the source for some time and is not too far from the source. The first step of stepwise regression consists of looking for the source that contributes most significantly to the model. At each subsequent step, the next best source is added until all significant sources are included. Thu
45、s, not all area sources are necessarily involved in the model. The F test for significance of regression is a test to determine whether there is a linear relationship between the concentration c and the dispersion factors i. The appropriate hypotheses are: H0: e1=e2=e3=.=ek =0 H1: ei 0 for at least
46、one source i Rejection of H0 means that at least one of the sources contributes significantly to the dust concentration. H0 is rejected if the probability that it is correct is less than 5 %. 8.2.5 Analysis of residues By multiplying the mean emission rate values by the dispersion factor for each so
47、urce and each sampling location, the expected dust concentrations at the sampling locations are obtained for each hour. The differences between the concentration measured values and these concentration calculated values correspond to the residues. A normal distribution of the residues is assumed whe
48、n a mean emission rate is calculated; then a probability plot of the residues should show a straight line. When this is not the case like in the graph example (see figure 3), this is due to some very high values of residues. BS EN 15445:2008EN 15445:2008 (E) 12 Key X Residue (g/m) Y Rank of variable
49、 residue Figure 3 Analysis of residues The high negative values mostly correspond to events with very low hourly dust concentrations, and the high positive values indicate events with extremely high hourly dust concentrations. These events generally correspond to short time inconsistent activities (background or industrial) to be identified because their dust contributions affect the calculated mean emission rate estimates which then do not correspond to the regular emission rates of sources. 8.2.6 Regular mass emission
