1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16039:2011Water quality Guidancestandard on assessing thehydromorphological featuresof lakesBS EN 16039:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the U
2、K implementation of EN 16039:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/3/5, Biological Methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprov
3、isions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 69599 5ICS 13.060.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on
4、30 September 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16039:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16039 September 2011 ICS 13.060.10 English Version Water quality - Guidance standard on assessing the hydromorphological features of lakes Qualit de leau - Guid
5、e pour lvaluation des caractristiques hydromorphologiques des lacs Wasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zur Beurteilung hydromorphologischer Eigenschaften von StandgewssernThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 August 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulatio
6、ns which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. T
7、his European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN me
8、mbers are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spai
9、n, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Me
10、mbers. Ref. No. EN 16039:2011: EBS EN 16039:2011EN 16039:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4Introduction .51 Scope 62 Normative references 73 Terms and definitions .74 Principle . 125 Survey requirements 125.1 Lake types . 125.2 Scale . 155.2.1 General . 155.2.2 Dividing the lake system into zones f
11、or hydromorphological assessment . 155.2.3 Catchment scale . 155.3 Reference conditions . 155.3.1 General . 155.3.2 Lake water balance and hydrological regime 165.3.3 Lake morphometry 165.3.4 Shore and lake bed character 165.3.5 Hydromorphological connectivity and biological continuity . 165.3.6 Ter
12、restrial and aquatic vegetation 166 Features for survey and assessment . 176.1 Features and attributes 176.2 Feature recording related to purpose and method of data gathering . 176.3 A framework for acquiring lake hydromorphology data. 176.4 Hydromorphological pressure assessment . 206.4.1 General .
13、 206.4.2 Classes of engineering and activity pressures . 206.5 Timing and frequency of hydromorphological assessments 236.6 Lake characterisation . 236.6.1 General . 236.6.2 Field sampling . 236.6.3 Bathymetry 236.6.4 Water column and lake bed characterisation at an Index Site . 236.6.5 Shore zone a
14、ssessments . 246.6.6 Lake site activities/pressures 246.6.7 Hydrology 246.6.8 Sedimentology 257 Reporting hydromorphological assessment and classification 257.1 General . 257.2 Data presentation 258 Training and quality assurance for survey and assessment . 268.1 General . 268.2 Training manuals 278
15、.3 Data entry and validation . 27Annex A (informative) Common European lake types defined by mode of formation . 28Annex B (informative) Lake shore and bottom natural and artificial substrates . 29Annex C (informative) Definitions and formulae for lake morphometric parameters . 30BS EN 16039:2011EN
16、16039:2011 (E) 3 Annex D (informative) Equipment required for a field-based hydromorphological survey 32Annex E (informative) Checklist of factors relevant to assessing hydrological regime . 33Annex F (informative) Explanatory account of the Lake Habitat Survey (LHS) method 34Annex G (informative) R
17、emote sensing and GIS for lake hydromorphology data capture . 36Bibliography 37BS EN 16039:2011EN 16039:2011 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16039:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be giv
18、en the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be
19、the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. WARNING Working in or around water is inherently dangerous. Surveyors should conform to EU and national health and safety legislation, and any additional guidelines appropria
20、te for working in or near lakes. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,
21、Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16039:2011EN 16039:2011 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard contains lists of lake featur
22、es and guidance on how to record, analyse and interpret the data obtained from desk-top, remote sensing and field surveys. In this document the word lake is used as a generic term for standing waters including natural and modified lakes, reservoirs and excavated pits. The physical character of a lak
23、e is defined by its morphometry (size and shape) and by its hydrological regime, both of which are contingent on the landscape setting of the lake-catchment system and its environmental history. Ensuring that the key features and associated physical processes operating within lakes are consistently
24、recognised enables legitimate comparisons to be made among different lake types. This is required for a range of purposes, including the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD), the EC Habitats Directive, and lake management and restoration. The WFD requires physical features of surface waters to be cons
25、idered when assessing ecological status and refers to these features as hydromorphological. Annex V of the WFD lists two categories of hydromorphological quality elements for assessing lakes hydrological regime and morphological conditions each sub-divided into a number of specified quality elements
26、. Those in the hydrological category comprise the quantity and dynamics of flow, level, residence time and connection to groundwaters, whilst those in the morphological category are lake depth variation, quantity and structure of the substrate and the structure and condition of the lake shore zone.
27、The Habitats Directive applies to a wide range of terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats and species. The Directive requires Member States to maintain or restore these to favourable conservation status, partly by designating Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). For lakes, the process of select
28、ion and monitoring SACs involves recording and regularly assessing a suite of physical, chemical and biological features. A standard approach to hydromorphological assessment, while not specifically required by the Directive, thus enables the contribution of physical structure and hydrology to favou
29、rable conservation status to be assessed, and allows comparisons to be made between Member States. NOTE In this document, assessment is used as a broad term referring to the general description and characterization of lake features and the pressures that impinge upon them. It is not used to imply pa
30、rticular levels of quality or value, whether related to ecological status under the WFD or more generally. BS EN 16039:2011EN 16039:2011 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard is applicable to lakes, which are water bodies occupying one or more basins with surface areas greater than 1 ha (0,01 km2) an
31、d maximum depths (at mean water level) greater than 1 m. All types of permanent lakes, including natural, modified and artificial, freshwater and brackish, except for those systems which regularly connect to the sea, are included in this European Standard, though canals are excluded. Based on these
32、criteria, it can be estimated that there are at least 500 000 natural lakes across Europe, most of which are located in the glaciated landscapes in northern and western provinces and in Scandinavia. Lakeland districts also occur locally in areas such as the Danubian plain and around the Alps. Elsewh
33、ere, naturally occurring lakes are relatively sparse and in such areas reservoirs or pits are more common. This European Standard is designed to: a) support environmental and conservation agencies in meeting the monitoring requirements of the WFD (Article 8, Annex II and Annex V); b) generate data s
34、ets appropriate for monitoring and reporting of Natura 2000 sites designated under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive; c) provide information supporting other environmental reporting requirements (e.g. in relation to biodiversity or environmental impact assessment); d) support lake manag
35、ement and restoration initiatives. This European Standard: e) defines the key term of hydromorphology and other terms relating to the physical characteristics of lakes and their hydrological regimes; f) details essential features and processes of lakes that should be characterised as part of a hydro
36、morphological survey and for determining the hydromorphological condition of a lake; g) identifies and defines the key pressures affecting European lakes; h) provides guidance on strategies for collecting hydromorphological data depending on resources available and the anticipated use of the assessm
37、ent; a hierarchy of approaches is recognised from the overview method utilising existing databases, maps and remote sensing data through to recognised field-based survey techniques such as Lake Habitat Survey (LHS); i) offers guidance on data presentation; j) establishes guidance on data quality ass
38、urance issues. This European Standard does not deal with biological assessments in lakes such as the presence or absence of individual species or community composition, nor does it attempt to link specific hydromorphological features with their associated biological communities or to create a classi
39、fication based on such links. However, it is relevant where plants or other organisms form significant structural elements of the habitat (e.g. a gradation from riparian to littoral vegetation). With respect to the WFD, the hydromorphological condition of a lake only contributes to its status classi
40、fication at high ecological status (HES). Hydromorphological conditions are not defined for good and moderate status but shall be sufficient to support the biological elements. BS EN 16039:2011EN 16039:2011 (E) 7 2 Normative references EN 14614, Water Quality Guidance standard for assessing the hydr
41、omorphological features of rivers 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 aquatic macrophyte larger plant of fresh water which is easily seen with the naked eye, including all aquatic vascular plants, bryophytes, stoneworts (Characeae)
42、 and macro-algal growths NOTE This definition includes plants associated with open water or wetlands with shallow water. 3.2 attribute specific recorded elements of a hydromorphological feature EXAMPLE Silt and boulders are natural substrate texture attributes, sheet piling and gabions are attribute
43、s of engineered banks. 3.3 bank physical edge of the lake shore, or of the island(s) within NOTE Generally defined by a wave-cut break in slope at or near the waters edge of the lake, but can also be defined as the line along which riparian (terrestrial or land) conditions change to littoral in-lake
44、 conditions. 3.4 basin defined hollows which are permanently or temporarily filled with water NOTE Basin size and shape (morphometry) strongly control the fluxes of substances in lakes and the structure and function of lake food webs. 3.5 bathymetry systematic survey of size, shape and water depth d
45、istribution in a lake NOTE Bathymetry is the basis of deriving morphometric parameters and to predict thermal stratification, residence time and sediment redistribution processes. 3.6 bay indent of the lake shore which can span from metres to many kilometres in size NOTE Bays are normally protected
46、by a promontory (or headland) projecting from the shore which reduces exposure. Bays often contain beach deposits. 3.7 bedform patterns topography of the lake bed may be simple or complex depending on the size and shape of the system and the nature of local sediment transport processes NOTE Depositi
47、on produces bedforms such as sand and gravel bars, whilst erosion results in scour features such as troughs. BS EN 16039:2011EN 16039:2011 (E) 8 3.8 bedrock in situ naturally consolidated rock either underlying drift deposits such as glacial till or exposed by past or current erosion processes 3.9 b
48、each sub-zone of the exposed shore above the water line of a lake defined by the accumulation of sediment (texturally will range in grain size from clays and silts through to boulders) depending on the energetics of the wave environment and the geomorphological history of the site 3.10 catchment dra
49、inage basin contributing water and sediment into a lake NOTE Also recognised as drainage area. 3.11 continuity uninterrupted movement of water, sediment and organisms into, out of and within a lake system 3.12 delta deposits sediment deposits formed where an inflowing stream enters the lake NOTE The size and style of the deposits depends on upstream c
