1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16090:2011Copper and copper alloys Estimation of average grainsize by ultrasoundBS EN 16090:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementa
2、tion of EN 16090:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NFE/34/1, Wrought and unwrought copper and copperalloys.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all
3、the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 70542 7ICS 77.120.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strat
4、egy Committee on 31 December 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16090:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16090 December 2011 ICS 77.120.30 English Version Copper and copper alloys - Estimation of average grain size by ultrasound Cuivre et alliages d
5、e cuivre - Estimation de la taille moyenne de grain par ultrasons Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen - Bestimmung der mittleren Korngre durch Ultraschall This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 November 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate
6、 the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Stand
7、ard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the nati
8、onal standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzer
9、land and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN
10、 16090:2011: EBS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 General requirements 54.1 Personnel qualification .54.2 Condition of products to be tested 64.3 Test equipment 64.4 Procedure .75 Instrument adjustmen
11、t 86 Reference samples and calibration .87 Acceptance criteria 8Bibliography 9Figures Figure 1 Simplified representation of ultrasonic technique for grain size estimation .7 Figure 2 Simplified illustration of backscattered signals 7 BS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 160
12、90:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 133 “Copper and copper alloys”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2012, and con
13、flicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According t
14、o the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, La
15、tvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 4 Introduction The test by ultrasound described in this standard has the objective of estimating the dimension
16、of average grain size in copper and copper alloy products. When using this test by ultrasound technique it is important to recognise that the estimation of grain size is not a precise measurement because a metal structure is an aggregate of three-dimensional crystals of varying sizes and shapes. Cle
17、arly, no two areas of observation then can be exactly the same. BS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the estimation of the average grain size of copper and copper alloy products by ultrasound. This standard can be applied for seamless round tubes
18、as well as for flat products. This method can be used in place of test methods according to EN ISO 2624, mentioned in the relevant product standards. As reference method and in case of doubt the intercept procedure or planimetric procedure has to be used. 2 Normative references The following referen
19、ced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 473:2008, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification o
20、f NDT personnel General principles EN 583-1:1998, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic examination Part 1: General principles EN 1330-4, Non-destructive testing Terminology Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing EN ISO 2624:1995, Copper and copper alloys Estimation of average grain size (ISO 2624:19
21、90) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-4 and the following apply. 3.1 grain area in a metal within the boundary of a crystal NOTE For the purpose of applying the method described in this European Standard, a crystal and its twin band
22、s are considered as one grain. Sub-grains, minor constituent phases, inclusions and additives are not considered in the estimation of the grain size. 4 General requirements 4.1 Personnel qualification The ultrasonic test shall be made by operators trained in this technique and it shall be done under
23、 the responsibility of qualified staff. The qualified staff shall be competent. When agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, qualification of the personnel shall be certified according to EN 473:2008. The qualified staffs is especially responsible for the issue and release of test proced
24、ures for operators; training of operators in ultrasonic testing; compilation and release of correlation of ultrasonic signals and grain size (calibration curve). BS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 6 4.2 Condition of products to be tested Products shall be sufficiently clean to permit satisfactory tes
25、t operation and adequate coupling. Products shall be free of deep cracks and grooves generating ultrasonic signals. This method is only applicable for products in the material condition: annealed; light-annealed; light-drawn; soft annealed. 4.3 Test equipment Ultrasonic equipment with pulse echo tec
26、hnique shall be used as described in EN 583-1:1998, 5.4. It is recommended to use test equipment according to EN 12668-1 and EN 12668-2. Ultrasonic testing and result analysis typically is done in an automated system against pre-determined criteria without human intervention. When driving mechanics
27、are used for the sample they have to be as vibration-free as possible. In general, if samples will be moved during the test (in axial direction or by rotation), it is required to keep the distance between sample and probe constant. Probes within the frequency range of 1 MHz to 60 MHz have to be appl
28、ied. Coupling of the ultrasonic waves is provided by a coupling fluid, e.g. water or oil (see EN 583-1:1998, 6.3). For constant coupling an automated ultrasonic testing is recommended to apply the immersion technique. Tube-curvature (ovality, roundness) is not to be considered as the ultrasonic spot
29、 size (focal point) is very small. Parasitic echoes and echoes of discontinuities should be eliminated from the ultrasonic evaluation process by adequate means. BS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 7 Key 1 housing 2 single Transducer 3 ultrasonic beam 4 coupling medium 5 sample Figure 1 Simplified repr
30、esentation of ultrasonic technique for grain size estimation 4.4 Procedure Prepare sample (cut to length, clean if necessary). Adjust instrument once per day before the first test (see Clause 5). Couple sample with transducer by using a coupling fluid. Estimate the grain size by using the reflection
31、 of ultrasonic waves on grain boundaries. The backscattered signals from the grains in the product are analysed in an A-scan presentation. The signals vary in dependence of the average grain size (see Figure 2). Key 1 small grains 2 large grains X time of flight Y backscattered intensity Figure 2 Si
32、mplified illustration of backscattered signals BS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 8 5 Instrument adjustment The test equipment shall be adjusted previous to the test of samples using a reference sample in accordance with Clause 6. The control survey for adjustment of the ultrasonic equipment should b
33、e repeated at least every working day with the relevant reference sample. IMPORTANT In the event of deviations during adjustment greater than 3 m, the ultrasonic equipment has to be re-calibrated! If re-calibration is not successful, calibration according to Clause 6 has to be done again. All tubes
34、tested since the last adjustment shall be considered as not been tested. 6 Reference samples and calibration Ultrasonic testing is a comparative method. Calibrations for every alloy or group of alloys (calibration-graph) considering the thickness are required. The reference samples shall represent t
35、he whole range of grain sizes as specified in the relevant product standard. The reference samples are tested in parallel 1) with the ultrasonic technique, and 2) according to intercept procedure or planimetric procedure as described in EN ISO 2624:1995. Test results of both methods have to be match
36、ed and this correlation of ultrasonic signals and grain size (calibration curve) is used as a basis for future ultrasonic testing and instrumental adjustment. 7 Acceptance criteria The acceptance criteria are specified in the relevant product standards. In the event that the sample fails to meet the
37、 test requirements the procedures for retest in the relevant product standard apply. Samples for retests shall be tested with one of the methods described in EN ISO 2624:1995. BS EN 16090:2011EN 16090:2011 (E) 9 Bibliography EN 12668-1, Non-destructive testing Characterization and verification of ul
38、trasonic examination equipment Part 1: Instruments EN 12668-2, Non-destructive testing Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment Part 2: Probes This page deliberately left blankThis page deliberately left blankBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing
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