1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16140:2011Natural stone test methods Determination of sensitivityto changes in appearanceproduced by thermal cyclesBS EN 16140:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis Br
2、itish Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16140:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/545, Natural stone.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all
3、the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 71701 7ICS 91.100.15Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strat
4、egy Committee on 30 April 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16140:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16140 March 2011 ICS 91.100.15 English Version Natural stone test methods - Determination of sensitivity to changes in appearance produced by therm
5、al cycles Mthodes dessai pour pierres naturelles - Dtermination de la sensibilit aux changements daspect induits par des cycles thermiques Prfverfahren fr Naturwerkstein - Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit gegen nderungen des ueren Erscheinungsbildes durch thermische Zyklen This European Standard was a
6、pproved by CEN on 13 February 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nat
7、ional standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own lang
8、uage and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lat
9、via, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Bruss
10、els 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16140:2011: EBS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 31 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Symbols and abbreviations 54 Principle 55 Apparatus .56 Preparatio
11、n of specimens .56.1 Sampling .56.2 Test specimens 56.2.1 Surface finish .56.2.2 Dimensions .57 Test procedure .67.1 Control measurements before cycling 67.2 Description of the cycles 67.3 Control measurements after cycling .68 Expression of results 69 Test report 7Annex A (informative) Examples of
12、evaluation codes for oxidations 9Annex B (informative) Adapted thermal shock test 11Bibliography . 12BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16140:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246 “Natural stones”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European
13、 Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the ele
14、ments of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This draft standard is one of the series of draft standards for tests on natural stone. Test methods for natural stone consist of the following
15、standards: EN 1925, Natural stone test methods Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity; EN 1926, Natural stone test methods Determination of uniaxial compressive strength; EN 1936, Natural stone test methods Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and op
16、en porosity; EN 12370, Natural stone test methods Determination of resistance to salt crystallisation; EN 12371, Natural stone test methods Determination of frost resistance; EN 12372, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load; EN 12407, Natural stone test
17、 methods Petrographic examination; EN 13161, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under constant moment; EN 13364, Natural stone test methods Determination of the breaking load at dowel hole; EN 13373, Natural stone test methods Determination of geometric characteristics on
18、units; EN 13755, Natural stone test methods Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure; EN 13919, Natural stone test methods Determination of resistance to ageing by SO2 action in the presence of humidity; EN 14066, Natural stone test methods Determination of resistance to ageing by t
19、hermal shock; EN 14146, Natural stone test methods Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency); EN 14147, Natural stone test methods Determination of resistance to ageing by salt mist; EN 14157, Natural stone test methods Determination of the
20、 abrasion resistance; EN 14158, Natural stone test methods Determination of rupture energy; BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 4 EN 14205, Natural stone test methods Determination of Knoop hardness; EN 14231, Natural stone test methods Determination of the slip resistance by means of the pendulum tes
21、ter; EN 14579, Natural stone test methods Determination of sound speed propagation; EN 14580, Natural stone test methods Determination of static elastic modulus; EN 14581, Natural stone test methods Determination of linear thermal expansion coefficient. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulati
22、ons, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
23、 Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method to assess possible alterations of natural stones (mainly visible sensitivity to oxidation processe
24、s) under the effect of sudden changes in temperature (thermal shock). 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Symbols and abbreviations e Thickness of the test specimens, in mm 4 Principle The specimens are subjected to successive cycles, each formed by drying at (105 5) C followed by immediate imm
25、ersion in water at (20 5) C. 5 Apparatus 5.1 A ventilated oven capable of maintaining a temperature of (105 5) C. 5.2 A covered tank with a flat base, comprising small non-oxidising and non-absorbent supports for the specimens. 5.3 A digital camera of 2.5 MPixels, or scanner, with a sufficient resol
26、ution. 5.4 A magnifying glass of at least five increases. 6 Preparation of specimens 6.1 Sampling The sampling is not the responsibility of the test laboratory except where specially requested. At least seven specimens shall be selected from a homogeneous batch. One of these specimens is used as ref
27、erence specimen and is not subjected to any tests. 6.2 Test specimens 6.2.1 Surface finish As a standard reference (identification test) surface finish of the faces of the specimens shall be sawn. In case of necessity as required for application (technological test), other surface finishes (e.g. hon
28、ed, polished, flamed, sandblasted, splitting) may be tested. 6.2.2 Dimensions As a standard reference (identification test) the test specimens shall be (200 200) mm 10 mm e. BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 6 In case of necessity as required for application (technological test), other dimensions ma
29、y be used. In this case, test specimens may be final products or sawn from final products. 7 Test procedure 7.1 Control measurements before cycling The dried specimens are submitted to a thorough visual inspection, with the aid of a magnifying glass of at least five increases. All relevant features
30、of its texture and also all visual and structural alterations of each specimen shall be noted, such as cracks, holes, swelling, spots, oxidations, or presence of metallic minerals or other sensitive minerals (e.g. biotite, hornblendes, etc.). A photographic (or scanner) record of all specimens to be
31、 tested shall be made. 7.2 Description of the cycles As a standard reference (identification test) the specimens are subjected to changes of temperature according to the following procedure: (18 1) h in a ventilated oven at (105 5) C, immediately followed by (6 0,5) h of complete submersion in disti
32、lled or demineralised water, whose temperature before the immersion of the specimens is (20 5) C. Both in the oven and in the water container, the specimens are placed in vertical position on the supports at a distance of at least 50 mm from one another and from the wall. In the water container, the
33、 specimens are placed on supports located at the bottom of the container which has been filled with water to such a height that its level above the specimens is (60 10) mm. The procedure described above constitutes one cycle. If the test is to be interrupted at anytime, other than for testing, then
34、the specimens are to be immersed in water at (20 5) C. The test consists in a total of 20 cycles. 7.3 Control measurements after cycling After the 20thcycle the specimens are visually inspected and compared general aspect or colour with the reference specimen. All alterations are noted. A photograph
35、ic (or scanner) record shall be made, which includes both tested specimens and reference specimen placed next to one another. 8 Expression of results For each specimen: Describe the modifications observed visually or with the aid of a magnifying glass, by comparison with the reference specimen, such
36、 as: in general, changes in the colour of the stone or spots in their surface, and evaluation of the oxidations of metallic minerals and biotite; structural changes as swelling, cracking, microcracking or exfoliations. A photographic (or scanner) record shall be made, which includes all tested speci
37、mens before and after the test and reference specimen placed next to one another. The oxidations are evaluated according to Table 1. BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 7 Table 1 Evaluation codes for oxidations CODES T1 T2 T3Description of the alterations No oxidations Only changes in colour of the me
38、tallic minerals for loss of sheen Oxidation, only around minerals, without discolouration spreading aOxidation with discolouration spreading aOccasionally small spots of oxide of punctual character may appear, which are related with the presence of metallic particles from the cutting process. Furthe
39、r details are listed/shown Annex A. 9 Test report The test report shall contain the following information: a) unique identification number of this report; b) the number, title and date of issue of this European Standard (i.e. EN 16140:2011); c) the name and address of the test laboratory and the add
40、ress where the test was carried out if it is different from the test laboratory; d) the name and address of the client; e) it is the responsibility of the client to give the following information: 1) the petrographic name of the stone; 2) the commercial name of the stone; 3) the country, region and
41、geo-coordinates of extraction; 4) the name of the supplier; 5) the direction of any existing plane of anisotropy (if relevant to the test) to be clearly indicated on the sample or on each specimen by means of two parallel lines; 6) the name of the person or organisation which carried out the samplin
42、g; 7) the surface finish of the specimens (if relevant to the test); f) the date of delivery of the sample or of the specimens; g) the date when the specimens were prepared (if relevant) and the date of testing; h) the number of specimens in the sample; i) the dimensions of the specimens; j) any obs
43、erved alteration for each specimen, according to Clause 8; BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 8 k) the evaluation CODE, according to Table 1; l) a photographic ( or scanner) record shall be made, which includes both tested specimens and reference specimen placed next to one another, only if any alter
44、ations are produced during the cycles only if they take place during the test, some of the alterations described in Clause 8; m) any deviations from the standard and their justification; n) remarks. The test report shall contain the signature(s) and role(s) of the responsible(s) for the testing and
45、the date of issue of the report. It shall also state that the report shall not be partially reproduced without the written consent of the test laboratory. BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 9 Annex A (informative) Examples of evaluation codes for oxidations This informative annex gives some schematic
46、 examples for classification according to the evaluation codes for oxidations, when metallic minerals, or biotites are present (see Figures A.1 to A.4). Key micas metallic minerals Figure A.1 Reference sample with metallic minerals or biotities Key micas metallic minerals Figure A.2 Change in colour
47、 for loss of sheen BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 10 Key micas metallic minerals Figure A.3 CODE T2 - Oxidation only around minerals without runs of oxidations Key micas metallic minerals Figure A.4 CODE T3 - Aspect changes of inclusion with runs of oxidations BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 11
48、 Annex B (informative) Adapted thermal shock test For stones with finely dispersed, non visible iron bearing minerals, like some white marbles, an adapted thermal shock test is proposed: 20 cycles consisting in 6h in a alkaline solution (1M and pH = 9, obtained by dissolving NaHCO3in water), followe
49、d by 18 h in a oven at (55 5) C. BS EN 16140:2011EN 16140:2011 (E) 12 Bibliography 1 EN 12407, Natural stone test methods Petrographic examination 2 EN 12440, Natural stone Denomination criteria 3 EN 12670, Natural stone Terminology This page deliberately left blankBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standardsand other standards-related publications, in
