1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16575:2014Bio-based products VocabularyBS EN 16575:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16575:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee MI/2, Bio-based products.A list of organ
2、izations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014IS
3、BN 978 0 580 81884 4ICS 01.040.03; 01.040.13; 03.100.50; 13.020.60Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2014.Amendments issued since publica
4、tionDate Text affectedBS EN 16575:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16575 August 2014 ICS 01.040.03; 01.040.13; 03.100.50; 13.020.60 English Version Bio-based products - Vocabulary Produits biosourcs - Vocabulaire Biobasierte Produkte - Terminologie This European Standard was
5、approved by CEN on 21 June 2014. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nation
6、al standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own languag
7、e and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, H
8、ungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-C
9、ENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16575:2014 E BS EN 16575:2014EN 16575:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Terms and defini
10、tions .5 Annex A (informative) Use of terms “bio-based product“, “bio-based“ and prefix “bio“ 8 A.1 Bio-based products .8 A.2 “Bio“ and “bio-based“ .8 Bibliography 9 BS EN 16575:2014EN 16575:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16575:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 411 “Bio-ba
11、sed products”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by Februar
12、y 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards orga
13、nizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
14、 Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16575:2014EN 16575:2014 (E) 4 Introduction Bio-based products from forestry and agriculture have a long history of application, such as paper, board and variou
15、s chemicals and materials. The last decades have seen the emergence of new bio-based products in the market. Some of the reasons for the increased interest lie in the bio-based products benefits in relation to the depletion of fossil resources and climate change. Bio-based products may also provide
16、additional product functionalities. This has triggered a wave of innovation with the development of knowledge and technologies allowing new transformation processes and product development. Acknowledging the need for common standards for bio-based products, the European Commission issued mandate M/4
17、921), resulting in a series of standards developed by CEN/TC 411, with a focus on bio-based products other than food, feed and biomass for energy applications. The standards of CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products“ provide a common basis on the following aspects: Common terminology; Bio-based content dete
18、rmination; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Sustainability aspects; Declaration tools. It is important to understand what the term bio-based product covers and how it is being used. The term “bio-based“ means “derived from biomass“. Bio-based products (bottles, insulation materials, wood and wood produc
19、ts, paper, solvents, chemical intermediates, composite materials, etc.) are products which are wholly or partly derived from biomass. It is essential to characterize the amount of biomass contained in the product by for instance its bio-based content or bio-based carbon content. The bio-based conten
20、t of a product does not provide information on its environmental impact or sustainability, which may be assessed through LCA and sustainability criteria. In addition, transparent and unambiguous communication within bio-based value chains is facilitated by a harmonized framework for certification an
21、d declaration. This European Standard has been developed with the aim to cover the horizontal definitions for bio-based products. Hence, other terms and definitions are given in the other standards developed by CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products“. For food, feed and energy applications other definitions
22、 may exist in other product specific standards. 1)A Mandate is a standardization task embedded in European trade laws. M/492 Mandate is addressed to the European Standardization bodies, CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, for the development of horizontal European Standards for bio-based products. BS EN 16575:20
23、14EN 16575:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines general terms to be used in the field of bio-based products, including horizontal aspects relevant for bio-based product standards. NOTE Though the terms in this standard are horizontally applicable to bio-based products, this standard foc
24、uses on areas other than food, feed and energy applications, where terms may be defined in existing specific standards. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 bio-based derived from biomass Note 1 to entry: Biomass can have undergone
25、 physical, chemical or biological treatment(s). Note 2 to entry: The correct spelling of “bio-based“ is with a hyphen (-). It is however in common usage sometimes spelt without a hyphen. Note 3 to entry: The methods to determine and communicate “bio-based“ as a characteristic are detailed in specifi
26、c standards of CEN/TC 411. 2.2 bio-based carbon biogenic carbon carbon derived from biomass Note 1 to entry: Biogenic carbon is defined in ISO/TS 14067:2013 14, by the same definition. 2.3 bio-based carbon content fraction of carbon derived from biomass in a product Note 1 to entry: There are severa
27、l approaches to express the bio-based carbon content. These include as a percentage of: the mass; the total carbon content, or the total organic carbon content of the sample. These are detailed in the relevant standards of CEN/TC 411. 2.4 bio-based content fraction of a product that is derived from
28、biomass Note 1 to entry: Normally expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the product. Note 2 to entry: For the methodology to determine the bio-based content, see FprCEN/TR 16721. 2.5 bio-based product product wholly or partly derived from biomass Note 1 to entry: The bio-based product is no
29、rmally characterised by the bio-based carbon content or the bio-based content. For the determination and declaration of the bio-based content and the bio-based carbon content, see the relevant standards of CEN/TC 411. BS EN 16575:2014EN 16575:2014 (E) 6 Note 2 to entry: Product can be an intermediat
30、e, material, semifinished or final product. Note 3 to entry: “bio-based product“ is often used to refer to a product which is partly bio-based. In those cases the claim should be accompanied by a quantification of the bio-based content. 2.6 biodegradation degradation caused by biological activity, e
31、.g. by enzymatic action, leading to a significant change in the chemical structure of a product SOURCE: Adapted from EN ISO 472:2013 3 2.7 biomass material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilized EXAMPLES (whole or parts of) plants, trees, algae, m
32、arine organisms, micro-organisms, animals, etc. 2.8 biomass content see bio-based content (2.4) 2.9 co-product any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system SOURCE: EN ISO 14040:2006 2 2.10 degradation irreversible process leading to a significant change in the stru
33、cture of a product, typically characterized by a change of properties (e.g. integrity, molecular mass or structure, mechanical strength) and/or by fragmentation, affected by environmental conditions, proceeding over a period of time and comprising one or more steps SOURCE: Adapted from EN ISO 472:20
34、13 3 2.11 durability ability of a product to retain the values of its properties under specified conditions SOURCE: Adapted from IUPAC 2012 4 2.12 life cycle assessment LCA compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its li
35、fe cycle SOURCE: EN ISO 14040:2006 2 2.13 mass balance relationship between input and output of a specific substance within a system in which the output from the system cannot exceed the input into the system SOURCE: Adapted from ISO 6107-3:1993 11 and EN 16214-1:2012 9 BS EN 16575:2014EN 16575:2014
36、 (E) 7 2.14 product substance, mixture of substances, material or object resulting from a production process Note 1 to entry: Product can be an intermediate, material, semifinished or final product. 2.15 renewable material material that is composed of biomass and that can be continually replenished
37、SOURCE: Adapted from EN ISO 14021:2001 5 2.16 sustainable development development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Note 1 to entry: Sustainable development is about integrating the goals of a high quality of life, heal
38、th and prosperity with social justice and maintaining the earths capacity to support life in all its diversity. These social, economic and environmental goals are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Sustainable development can be treated as a way of expressing the broader expectations of societ
39、y as a whole. SOURCE: ISO 26000:2010 6 2.17 total carbon TC quantity of carbon present in a product in the form of organic, inorganic and elemental carbon SOURCE: Adapted from CEN/TS 16295:2012 7, EN 13137:2001 8 2.18 total organic carbon TOC quantity of organic carbon present in a product Note 1 to
40、 entry: Total organic carbon is often determined as the carbon that is converted into carbon dioxide by combustion and which is not liberated as carbon dioxide by acid treatment. 2.19 waste any substance, mixture of substances, material or object which the holder discards or intends or is required t
41、o discard SOURCE: Adapted from EN 16214-1:2012 9 and Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) Article 3:1 10, and EN ISO 14040:2006 2 BS EN 16575:2014EN 16575:2014 (E) 8 Annex A (informative) Use of terms “bio-based product“, “bio-based“ and prefix “bio“ A.1 Bio-based products The definition of a “bio
42、-based product” (2.5) establishes a direct link between the biomass (2.7) and the product (2.14). In reality, intermediate step(s) are necessary to obtain a “bio-based product” from the “biomass”. After harvesting or collecting, the biomass can be used as raw material in various processes and produc
43、ts. Biomass can be processed physically, mechanically, chemically or biologically, resulting in bio-based materials or substances, which may be processed with or without materials or substances of other origins (e.g. fossil, mineral) resulting in bio-based products (i.e. wholly or partly derived fro
44、m biomass). During the production of bio-based products, the biomass can undergo different degrees of transformation, resulting in more or less complex bio-based products, such as: - materials resulting from simple physical or mechanical processes, such as sawn timber, hemp fibres used as insulation
45、 product; - materials resulting from fractionation and/or extraction, such as cellulose pulp, starch, vegetable oils; - intermediates from chemical, physical, biological processes such as ethanol used for biofuels, chemical building blocks, monomers; - semi-finished products or finished products, su
46、ch as bio-lubricants, biosurfactants, biosolvents, biocomposites, biochemicals, biopolymers. More information is given in documents as listed in CEN/TR 15932:2010 12 and CEN/TR 16227:201113. A.2 “Bio“ and “bio-based“ The prefix “bio“ frequently appears in everyday language in terms such as “bioprodu
47、ct“ (where “product“ can be substituted by e.g. lubricant), mainly as marketing tools. Detergents and plastic products are other examples of the widespread use of the “bio” prefix. Without reference to clear and agreed definitions, there are many unsubstantiated claims, which can be deceptive. The t
48、erm “biomass-based” or “bio-based“ refers to the origin of the raw material. The prefix “bio“ can refer to different functionalities (biodegradable, biocompatible, etc.) or processing (biological or biotechnological processes). To ensure transparent and non-misleading information to consumers, the p
49、refix “bio“ should be substituted by more accurate and more informative equivalents and should refer to a European or International Standard. BS EN 16575:2014EN 16575:2014 (E) 9 Bibliography 1 CEN/TR 16208:2011, Biobased products - Overview of standards 2 EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 14040:2006) 3 EN ISO 472:2013, Plastics - Vocabulary (ISO 472:2013) 4 IUPAC 2012, Publication date (Web): 11 January 2012, Terminology for biorelated polyme
