1、BS EN 16682:2017Conservation of culturalheritage Methods ofmeasurement of moisturecontent, or water content,in materials constitutingimmovable cultural heritageBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 16682:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis Brit
2、ish Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16682:2017. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/560, Conservation of tangible cultural heritage. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication do
3、es not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 84028 9 ICS 97.195 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from lega
4、l obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 16682:2017EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16682 March 2017 ICS 97
5、.195 English Version Conservation of cultural heritage - Methods of measurement of moisture content, or water content, in materials constituting immovable cultural heritage Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Mthodes de mesurage de la teneur en humidit, ou teneur en eau, de matriaux constituant un
6、 patrimoine culturel immatriel Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Feuchte- bzw. Wassergehalts in Materialien des unbeweglichen kulturellen Erbes This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 December 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal R
7、egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN m
8、ember. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions
9、. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Pola
10、nd, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of explo
11、itation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16682:2017 EBS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 5 Introduction 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Terms and definitions . 8 4 Symbols and abbreviations 13 5 Moisture an
12、d water content in materials 14 5.1 Moisture content 14 5.1.1 General . 14 5.1.2 Dry versus wet mode 14 5.1.3 Gravimetric versus volumetric mode . 15 5.2 Water content 15 5.3 Comparison between moisture content and water content . 15 6 Absolute and relative methods . 16 6.1 Absolute methods 16 6.2 R
13、elative methods 16 6.3 Comparison between absolute and relative methods 17 7 Taking and handling samples 18 8 Calibration 18 8.1 General . 18 8.2 Instrument calibration . 19 8.2.1 General . 19 8.2.2 Calibration for moisture content 19 8.2.3 Calibration for water content 19 8.3 Reproducibility . 19 8
14、.3.1 Instruments for absolute measurements 19 8.3.2 Instruments for relative measurements . 19 8.3.3 Comparison between absolute and relative methods 19 9 Use of existing European Standards concerning modern building materials 20 10 Test report 20 Annex A (normative) Absolute methods . 22 A.1 Genera
15、lities 22 A.2 Gravimetric method 22 A.2.1 General . 22 A.2.2 Apparatus 23 A.2.3 Procedure 23 A.3 Drying procedures in the gravimetric method 23 A.3.1 General . 23 BS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 3 A.3.2 Oven drying . 24 A.3.2.1 General . 24 A.3.2.2 Apparatus 24 A.3.2.3 Drying procedure . 24 A.3.3
16、Vacuum drying . 25 A.3.3.1 General . 25 A.3.3.2 Apparatus 25 A.3.3.3 Drying procedure . 25 A.3.4 Compressed-air drying . 25 A.3.4.1 General . 25 A.3.4.2 Apparatus 25 A.3.4.3 Drying procedure . 26 A.3.5 Adsorption drying 26 A.3.5.1 General . 26 A.3.5.2 Apparatus 26 A.3.5.3 Drying procedure . 26 A.3.6
17、 Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) 27 A.3.6.1 General . 27 A.3.6.2 Apparatus 27 A.3.6.3 Procedure 27 A.4 Karl Fischer titration . 28 A.4.1 General . 28 A.4.2 Apparatus 28 A.4.3 Procedure 29 A.4.4 Volumetric KF titration (V-KFT) . 30 A.4.4.1 General . 30 A.4.4.2 Apparatus 30 A.4.4.3 Procedure 30 A.4.
18、5 Coulometric KF titration (C-KFT) 31 A.4.5.1 General . 31 A.4.5.2 Apparatus 31 A.4.5.3 Procedure 31 A.4.6 Oven-vaporization KF titration (OV-KFT) . 32 A.4.6.1 General . 32 A.4.6.2 Apparatus 32 A.4.6.3 Temperature 32 BS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 4 A.4.7 KF titration of selected materials . 33 A
19、.5 Azeotropic distillation 34 A.5.1 General . 34 A.5.2 Apparatus 34 A.5.3 Procedure 35 A.6 Calcium carbide test 35 A.6.1 General . 35 A.6.2 Apparatus 36 A.6.3 Procedure 36 Annex B (normative) Relative methods 41 B.1 Generalities 41 B.2 Electrical resistance (conductance) 41 B.3 Capacitance (dielectr
20、ic) . 42 B.4 Relative humidity in equilibrium with the material . 43 B.4.1 General . 43 B.4.2 Drilled cavity 43 B.4.3 External sealed box (ESB) . 44 B.4.4 Apparatus 44 B.4.5 Procedure 44 Annex C (informative) Other relative methods 49 C.1 Generalities 49 C.2 Microwave . 49 C.3 Evanescent-field diele
21、ctrometry 50 C.4 Time-domain reflectometry . 50 C.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance 51 C.6 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) . 51 C.7 Ultrasound pulses 52 C.8 Thermography 52 Annex D (informative) Methods with special safety requirements 57 D.1 Generalities 57 D.2 X-ray 57 D.3 Gamma rays 58 D.4 Neutron s
22、cattering . 58 Bibliography . 61 BS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 5 European foreword This document (EN 16682:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of Cultural Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a
23、 national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subjec
24、t of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
25、Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey an
26、d the United Kingdom. BS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 6 Introduction The specific field of cultural heritage is characterized by particular needs and in most cases the existing standards devised for normal materials cannot be applied. The moisture content, or the water content, in materials is of
27、primary relevance for the preservation of cultural heritage. High content can be very damaging (e.g. salt dissolution and mobilization, fungal infestation, corrosion, swelling) as well as low content (e.g. salt crystallization, shrinkage, wood cracking) or alternating high/low content. It is therefo
28、re important to determine and control this variable to assess the risk of damage and take preventive conservation measures. Different methods exist to measure moisture content, or water content, in modern building materials, based on different physical or chemical principles but most of them are not
29、 applicable to cultural heritage and need to be adapted to this aim. Generally, non-destructive methods are recommended but their accuracy may be limited. In turn, the most accurate methods require sampling and can only exceptionally be used. Readings taken with non-destructive methods may not be co
30、mparable especially because they are expressed in different units. The interpretation of measurements may be obscured by a number of factors (e.g. material, salts, temperature) to which the methods are subject. This European Standard considers and specifies characteristics, operative methodologies,
31、pros and cons of all methods of measurements and establishes a uniform presentation of data and units. It is addressed to anyone who needs to measure or interpret readings of moisture content, or water content, in building materials (particularly masonry and wood), and in general to whoever is respo
32、nsible for the preservation and maintenance of heritage buildings. BS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard is aimed to inform and assist users in the choice and use of the most appropriate method to obtain reliable measurements of the moisture content, or water content, in
33、 wood and masonry (including brickwork, stonework, concrete, gypsum, mortars, etc.) in the specific case of the built cultural heritage. It provides a basic framework to take and interpret this kind of measurements on the above cultural heritage materials that have undergone weathering, pest attack,
34、 salt migration or other transformations over time. It specifies four absolute methods (i.e. gravimetric, Karl Fischer titration, azeotropic distillation and calcium carbide); explains their characteristics, pros and cons, and gives specifications for the transformation of readings into the same uni
35、t to make measurements taken with different methods comparable. It specifies the three principal relative methods (i.e. electrical resistance, capacitance, and relative humidity in equilibrium with the material), pointing out their characteristics and uncertainties when used in the field of cultural
36、 heritage. In addition, it provides an informative overview of ten other relative methods, their characteristics, pros and cons. It gives specifications for the calibration of the various methods. It also compares the above methods in relation to their accuracy, sampling requirement, sample size, la
37、boratory or field use, and other problems encountered in the field of cultural heritage to prevent instrument misuse, reduce uncertainties and avoid reading misinterpretation. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are ind
38、ispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 374-1, Protective gloves against chemicals and micro-organisms - Part 1: Terminology and performance
39、requirements EN 420:2003+A1:2009, Protective gloves - General requirements and test methods EN 455-1:2000, Medical gloves for single use - Part 1: Requirements and testing for freedom from holes EN 772-10:1999, Methods of test for masonry units - Part 10: Determination of moisture content of calcium
40、 silicate and autoclaved aerated concrete units EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges - Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges - Dimensions, metrology, requirements and testing EN 1428:2012, Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of water content in bituminous emulsions - Azeotropic distillation meth
41、od EN 13183-1:2002, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 1: Determination by oven dry method EN 13183-2:2002, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 2: Estimation by electrical resistance method EN 13183-3:2005, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 3: Estimation
42、by capacitance method BS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 8 EN 15758:2010, Conservation of Cultural Property - Procedures and instruments for measuring temperatures of the air and the surfaces of objects EN 15898:2011, Conservation of cultural property - Main general terms and definitions EN 16085:201
43、2, Conservation of Cultural property - Methodology for sampling from materials of cultural property - General rules EN 16096:2012, Conservation of cultural property - Condition survey and report of built cultural heritage EN 16242:2012, Conservation of cultural heritage - Procedures and instruments
44、for measuring humidity in the air and moisture exchanges between air and cultural property EN ISO 10304-1:2009, Water quality - Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions - Part 1: Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate (ISO 1030
45、4-1:2007) EN ISO 11461:2014, Soil quality - Determination of soil water content as a volume fraction using coring sleeves - Gravimetric method (ISO 11461:2001) EN ISO 13130:2011, Laboratory glassware - Desiccators (ISO 13130:2011) EN ISO 14911:1999, Water quality - Determination of dissolved Li+, Na
46、+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ using ion chromatography - Method for water and waste water (ISO 14911:1998) EN ISO 15512, Plastics - Determination of water content (ISO 15512) ISO 760:1978, Determination of water Karl Fischer method (General method) ISO 3567:2011, Vacuum gauges Calibra
47、tion by direct comparison with a reference gauge ISO 5272:1979, Toluene for industrial use Specifications ISO 5280:1979, Xylene for industrial use Specification ISO 7183:2007, Compressed-air dryers Specifications and testing ISO 11465:1993, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content
48、on a mass basis Gravimetric method ISO 16979:2003, Wood-based panels Determination of moisture content ISO Guide 34:2009, General requirements for the competence of reference material producers ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in meas
49、urement (GUM:1995) EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15898:2011 and the following apply. BS EN 16682:2017EN 16682:2017 (E) 9 3.1 absolute method/measurement measuring method whose readings can be expressed in terms of SI units 3.2 active sensor sensor that needs some electrical power supply to operate 3.3 atmospheric pressure barometric pressure pressure is the force per unit
