1、Animal feeding stuffs: Methods of sampling and analysis - Predictive equations for metabolizable energy in feed materials and compound feed (pet food) for cats and dogs including dietetic foodBS EN 16967:2017BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06EUROPEAN ST
2、ANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16967 July 2017 ICS 65.120 English Version Animal feeding stuffs: Methods of sampling and analysis - Predictive equations for metabolizable energy in feed materials and compound feed (pet food) for cats and dogs including dietetic food Aliments pour animaux
3、: Mthodes dchantillonnage et danalyse - quations prdictives de lnergie mtabolisable dans les matires premires pour aliments et les aliments composs (aliments pour animaux de compagnie) pour chats et chiens, y compris les aliments dittiques Futtermittel - Probenahme- und Untersuchungsverfahren - Scht
4、zgleichungen fr umsetzbare Energie in Futtermittel-Ausgangserzeugnissen und Mischfuttermitteln (Heimtierfutter) fr Katzen und Hunde, einschlielich Ditfuttermittel This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 May 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations whic
5、h stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This Eur
6、opean Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members a
7、re the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, R
8、omania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any
9、form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16967:2017 ENational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16967:2017.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee AW/10, Animal feeding stuffs.A list of organization
10、s represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 9
11、78 0 580 91798 1ICS 65.120Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected BRITIS
12、H STANDARDBS EN 16967:2017EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16967 July 2017 ICS 65.120 English Version Animal feeding stuffs: Methods of sampling and analysis - Predictive equations for metabolizable energy in feed materials and compound feed (pet food) for cats and dogs including
13、 dietetic food Aliments pour animaux : Mthodes dchantillonnage et danalyse - quations prdictives de lnergie mtabolisable dans les matires premires pour aliments et les aliments composs (aliments pour animaux de compagnie) pour chats et chiens, y compris les aliments dittiques Futtermittel - Probenah
14、me- und Untersuchungsverfahren - Schtzgleichungen fr umsetzbare Energie in Futtermittel-Ausgangserzeugnissen und Mischfuttermitteln (Heimtierfutter) fr Katzen und Hunde, einschlielich Ditfuttermittel This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 May 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the
15、CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management
16、Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as
17、 the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Net
18、herlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 C
19、EN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16967:2017 EBS EN 16967:2017EN 16967:2017 (E) 2 Contents European foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 5 4 Principle . 6 4.1 Determi
20、nation of GE . 6 4.2 Determination of DE . 6 4.3 Determination of ME 6 4.4 Mathematical prediction of ME in food for cats and dogs 7 4.5 Conversion factors 7 4.6 Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) . 7 5 Reagents and materials . 7 6 Apparatus . 7 7 Sampling . 8 8 Sample preparation 8 9 Measurements 8 9.1 Mo
21、isture 8 9.2 Protein (crude) 8 9.3 Fat (crude) . 8 9.4 Ash (crude) 8 9.5 Fibre (crude) . 8 10 Determination of energy by calculation . 8 10.1 Complete or complementary compound feed for dogs and cats 8 10.2 Examples . 10 10.3 Other products 11 11 Accuracy 11 12 Tolerances 12 13 Test report 12 Annex
22、A (informative) General background information 13 A.1 Pet Food from Industrial Processing (PFIP) . 13 A.2 Determination of ME in PFIP 13 A.3 Development of the factors 13 Annex B (informative) Metabolizable energy in pet food a comparison between the accuracy of predictive formulae versus experiment
23、al determination . 15 B.1 Background 15 B.2 Materials and methods . 15 B.3 Results 16 B.4 Discussion . 30 Bibliography . 31 BS EN 16967:2017EN 16967:2017 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16967:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 327 “Animal feeding stuffs - Methods of samp
24、ling and analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by Ja
25、nuary 2018. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the Europe
26、an Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finl
27、and, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16967:2017EN 16967
28、:2017 (E) 4 Introduction Balanced nutrition enabling adequate intake of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins is essential for cats and dogs to allow health and longevity. In order to realize the recommended intake of energy and nutrients, products need to be formulated accordingly. In other words:
29、 all essential nutrients need to be provided in the amount of diet which is needed to fulfil the daily energy requirements. The approach to provide nutrient recommendations expressed as units per MJ recognizes the close relationship between energy and nutrient intake. Hence the accurate determinatio
30、n of energy content in pet food is crucial for formulating appropriate diets for cats and dogs as well as the corresponding instructions for proper use. Feeding trials are the most accurate way to measure the energy density of a pet food. Since animal studies are labour and cost intensive, several p
31、redictive formulae for calculating metabolizable energy (ME) content in dog and cat foods have been developed during the years. The use of predictive formulae is a well-established method within control authorities in Member States and within the pet food industry. However, there is currently no uni
32、formity as to their use. Considering the labelling declarations required for certain pet food products listed in Annex I to Directive 2008/38/EC it is clear that there is a need for a harmonization at EU level by means of a European Standard laying down the predictive formulae to be used. The predic
33、tive formulae in this standard will constitute simple tools to be used by control authorities and manufacturers to calculate ME by using values of dietary components determined by validated official methods (Commission regulation (EC) No 152/2009). This represents a good and robust compromise betwee
34、n accuracy and practicability to overcome the difficulties of feeding trials, which would be otherwise required to obtain the most accurate value of ME. BS EN 16967:2017EN 16967:2017 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies predictive formulae for the determination of metabolizable energy (ME)
35、 in products of vegetable or animal origin, in their natural state, fresh or preserved, such as meat, offal, milk products, cooked starch sources; highly digestible special products such as milk substitutes or diets for enteral nutrition; complete or complementary products derived from the industria
36、l processing for cats and dogs. 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 crude fibre CF substances which are insoluble and combustible under the operating conditions specified in this standard 3.2
37、 digestible energy DE gross energy minus energy loss in faeces Note 1 to entry: DE provides an estimate of the energy the animal is able to use. Note 2 to entry: DE does not take into account energy losses via urine (and combustible gases). 3.3 dry matter DM measurement of mass when completely dried
38、 3.4 gross energy GE total chemical energy arising from complete combustion of a food in a bomb calorimeter Note 1 to entry: The heat of combustion in feedstuffs can be predicted from the chemical analysis using standard values for the nutrients. For pet foods appropriate GE estimates for crude fat,
39、 crude protein and carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract (NFE) plus crude fibre (CF) are 39,3 kJ/g 1, 23,8 kJ/g 2 and 17,1 kJ/g 3. 3.5 metabolizable energy ME energy available to an animal after correction of the DE for losses via urine and combustible gases BS EN 16967:2017EN 16967:2017 (E) 6 3.6 ni
40、trogen-free extract NFE carbohydrate fraction including starch, simple sugars and soluble parts of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin 4 Principle 4.1 Determination of GE The GE content of a food is defined as the total chemical energy arising from complete combustion of a food in a bomb cal
41、orimeter. The heat of combustion in feedstuffs can be predicted from the chemical analysis using standard values for the nutrients. For pet foods appropriate GE estimates for crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrates (NFE plus CF) are 39,3 kJ/g 1, 23,8 kJ/g 2 and 17,1 kJ/g 3. 4.2 Determination of D
42、E In animal experiments the difference between the GE intake with feedstuffs and the GE loss via faeces is used to determine the digestible energy of a food. For this, GE of food and faeces is determined by complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter. Alternatively, DE can be calculated by multiplicat
43、ion of GE with the percentage of apparent digestibility of energy divided by 100. Formulae to estimate energy digestibility as a function of fibre have been based mainly on CF analysis for practical reasons: CF is mostly used in labelling the pet food and the methodology is well established with the
44、 added benefit of being cheap and easy to perform. Consequently, there is much more data on CF and energy digestibility than on any other fibre analysis. 4.3 Determination of ME The ME of a food is determined by subtracting energy losses via urine from the DE. In species with relevant extent of ferm
45、entation activity such as ruminants, energy losses through combustible gases are subtracted from the DE as well. Fermentation losses by gas can be neglected in dogs and cats, therefore only the separate collection of faeces and urine is required in digestion trials. In order to avoid the use of meta
46、bolic cages it is common practise to collect only faeces and to correct for energy losses via urine using a fixed value for urinary GE losses per g digested protein multiplied by the amount of digestible protein in the food. Therefore, 5,2 kJ per g digestible protein is subtracted for dogs and 3,6 k
47、J per g digestible protein for cats applying either the apparent protein digestibility measured in a digestion trial or a mean apparent protein digestibility of 83,5 % in dogs and 86 % in cats. BS EN 16967:2017EN 16967:2017 (E) 7 4.4 Mathematical prediction of ME in food for cats and dogs The predic
48、tive formulae of ME are based on the results of feeding trials. Calculation of ME in accordance to these formulae employ contents of dietary components, determined by validated official methods (Commission regulation (EC) No 152/2009). The mathematical prediction ME in food for cats and dogs can be
49、described in four steps. 1) Estimation of GE using appropriate GE estimates for crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrate (with CF); 2) Estimation of the percentage apparent energy digestibility using a linear regression formula based on CF content per dry matter (DM); 3) Calculation of DE; 4) Conversion into ME by subtracting urinary energy losses related to protein metabolism. 4.5 Conversion factors Conversion factors kcal conversion to kJ: 1 kcal = 1 000 cal = 4,184 kJ; 1 MJ = 1 000 kJ = 239 kcal. 4.6 Nitrogen-fre
