1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationElectrical insulating materials Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating materialsPart 2: Procedures for irradiation and testBS EN 60544-2:2012National fo
2、rewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 60544-2:2012. It is identical to IEC 60544-2:2012. It supersedes BS 7811-2:1995 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee GEL/112, Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulating ma
3、terials and systems.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Publ
4、ished by BSI Standards Limited 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 75750 1 ICS 17.240; 29.035.01 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2012.Amendments issu
5、ed since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 60544-2:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60544-2 NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM October 2012 CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische N
6、ormung Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels 2012 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 60544-2:2012 E ICS 17.240; 29.035.01 English version Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects
7、 of ionizing radiation on insulating materials - Part 2: Procedures for irradiation and test (IEC 60544-2:2012) Matriaux isolants lectriques - Dtermination des effets des rayonnements ionisants sur les matriaux isolants - Partie 2: Mthodes dirradiation et dessai (CEI 60544-2:2012) Elektroisolierstof
8、fe - Bestimmung der Auswirkungen ionisierender Strahlung auf Isolierstoffe - Teil 2: Verfahren zur Bestrahlung und Prfung (IEC 60544-2:2012) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2012-08-13. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
9、 conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member. This European Stand
10、ard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are
11、the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Pol
12、and, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 60544-2:2012EN 60544-2:2012 - 2 - Foreword The text of document 112/208/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 60544-2, prepared by IEC/TC 112 “Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulating ma
13、terials and systems“ was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 60544-2:2012. The following dates are fixed: latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2013-05-13
14、 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2015-08-13 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC and/or CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any
15、or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 60544-2:2012 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. BS EN 60544-2:2012- 3 - EN 60544-2:2012 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their co
16、rresponding European publications The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (includin
17、g any amendments) applies. NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC 60093 - Methods of test for volume resistivity and surface resistivity of solid electrical insulating mat
18、erials HD 429 S1 - IEC 60167 - Methods of test for the determination of the insulation resistance of solid insulating materials HD 568 S1 - IEC 60212 - Standard conditions for use prior to and during the testing of solid electrical insulating materials EN 60212 - IEC 60243-1 - Electrical strength of
19、 insulating materials - Test methods - Part 1: Tests at power frequencies EN 60243-1 - IEC 60544-1 - Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry EN 60544-1 - IEC 60544-4 - Electrical insulating materials - Determi
20、nation of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 4: Classification system for service in radiation environments EN 60544-4 - ISO 37 - Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of tensile stress-strain properties - - ISO 48 - Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness
21、 (hardness between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD) - - ISO 178 - Plastics - Determination of flexural properties EN ISO 178 - ISO 179 Series Plastics - Determination of Charpy impact properties EN ISO 179 Series ISO 527 Series Plastics - Determination of tensile properties EN ISO 527 Series ISO 815 Series Rub
22、ber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of compression set - ISO 868 - Plastics and ebonite - Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness) EN ISO 868 - BS EN 60544-2:2012 2 60544-2 IEC:2012 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 6 1 Scope . 8 2 Normative references . 8 3
23、Irradiation . 9 3.1 Type of radiation and dosimetry 9 3.2 Irradiation conditions . 10 3.3 Sample preparation . 10 3.4 Irradiation procedures . 10 3.4.1 Irradiation dose-rate control . 10 3.4.2 Irradiation temperature control . 10 3.4.3 Irradiation in air . 11 3.4.4 Irradiation in a medium other than
24、 air 11 3.4.5 Irradiation in a vacuum 11 3.4.6 Irradiation at high pressure 12 3.4.7 Irradiation during mechanical stressing 12 3.4.8 Irradiation during electrical stressing . 12 3.4.9 Combined irradiation procedures . 12 3.5 Post-irradiation effects 12 3.6 Specified irradiation conditions 12 4 Test
25、 12 4.1 General . 12 4.2 Test procedures 13 4.3 Evaluation criteria . 13 4.3.1 End-point criteria . 13 4.3.2 Values of the absorbed dose . 14 4.4 Evaluation . 14 5 Report 15 5.1 General . 15 5.2 Material . 15 5.3 Irradiation 15 5.4 Test . 15 5.5 Results 15 Annex A (informative) Examples of test repo
26、rts 16 Bibliography 21 Figure A.1 Change of mechanical properties as a function of absorbed dose for magnetic coil insulation . 17 Figure A.2 Breakdown voltage of insulating tape as a function of absorbed dose 20 Table 1 Critical properties and end-point criteria to be considered in evaluating the c
27、lassification of insulating materials in radiation environments 14 Table A.1 Example 1 Magnetic coil insulation . 16 Table A.2 Example 2 Cable insulation . 18 BS EN 60544-2:201260544-2 IEC:2012 3 Table A.3 Example 3 Insulating tape . 19 BS EN 60544-2:2012 6 60544-2 IEC:2012 INTRODUCTION When selecti
28、ng insulating materials for applications in radiation environments, the component designers should have available reliable test data to compare candidate materials. To be meaningful, the performance data should be obtained on each material by standardized procedures, and the procedures should be des
29、igned to demonstrate the influence that variations of the service conditions have on the significant properties. This point is of particular concern where in normal service conditions low dose rates exist and where the insulation materials have been selected from radiation endurance data obtained fr
30、om tests conducted at high dose rates. Environmental conditions shall be well controlled and documented during the measurement of radiation effects. Important environmental parameters include temperature, reactive medium and mechanical and electrical stresses present during the irradiation. If air i
31、s present, radiation-induced species can enter into reactions with oxygen that would not occur in its absence. This is responsible for an observed influence of the absorbed dose rate for certain types of polymers if irradiated in air. As a result, the resistance may be several orders of magnitude lo
32、wer than when the sample is irradiated under vacuum or in the presence of inert gas. This is generally called the “dose-rate effect“, which is described and reviewed in references 1 to 141. NOTE For the user of this Part of IEC 60544 who wants to go into more detail, the cited references are listed
33、in the Bibliography. Where these are not publications in internationally available journals, addresses where the cited scientific reports can be obtained are given at the end of the references. The irradiation time can become relevant because of time-dependent complications caused by: a) physical ef
34、fects such as diffusion-limited oxidation 8, 10; and b) chemical phenomena such as rate-determining hydroperoxide breakdown reactions 10, 14. Typical diffusion-limited effects are commonly observed in radiation studies of polymers in air. Their importance depends upon the interrelationship of the ge
35、ometry of the polymer with the oxygen permeation and consumption rates, both of which depend upon temperature 10. This means that the irradiation of thick samples in air may result in oxidation only near the air-exposed surfaces of the sample, resulting in material property changes similar to those
36、obtained by irradiation in an oxygen-free environment. Therefore, when the material is to be used in air for a long period of time at a low dose rate, depositing the same total dose at a high dose rate in a short exposure period may not determine its durability. Previous experiments or consideration
37、s of sample thickness combined with estimates of oxygen permeation and consumption rates 8, 10 may eliminate such concerns. A technique that may be useful for eliminating oxygen diffusion effects by increasing the surrounding oxygen pressure is under investigation 8. Radiation-induced reactions will
38、 be influenced by temperature. An increase in reaction rate with temperature can result in a synergistic effect of radiation and heat. In the case of the more commonly used thermal ageing prediction, the Arrhenius method is employed; this makes use of an equation based on fundamental chemical kineti
39、cs. Despite considerable ongoing investigations of radiation ageing methodologies, this field is much less developed 9. General equations involving dose, time, Arrhenius activation energy, dose rate and temperature are being tested for modelling of ageing experiments 10-12. It should be noted that s
40、equential application of radiation and heat, as it is frequently practised, can give very different results depending on the order in which they are performed, and that synergistic effects may not be properly simulated 13, 14. The electrical and mechanical properties required of insulating materials
41、 and the acceptable amount of radiation-induced changes are so varied that it is not possible to establish _ 1References in square brackets refer to the bibliography. BS EN 60544-2:201260544-2 IEC:2012 7 acceptable properties within the framework of a recommendation. The same holds for the irradiati
42、on conditions. Therefore, this standard recommends only a few properties and irradiation conditions which previous experience has shown to be appropriate. The properties recommended are those that are especially sensitive to radiation. For a specific application, other properties may have to be sele
43、cted. Part 1 of IEC 60544 constitutes an introduction dealing very broadly with the problems involved in evaluating radiation effects. It also provides a guide to dosimetry terminology, several methods of determining the exposure and absorbed dose, and methods of calculating the absorbed dose in any
44、 specific material from the dosimetry method applied. The present part describes procedures for irradiation and test. Part 4 of IEC 60544 defines a classification system to categorize the radiation endurance of insulating materials. It provides a set of parameters characterizing the suitability for
45、radiation service. It is a guide for the selection, indexing and specification of insulating materials. The earlier Part 3 of IEC 60544 has been incorporated into the present Part 2. BS EN 60544-2:2012 8 60544-2 IEC:2012 ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIAT
46、ION ON INSULATING MATERIALS Part 2: Procedures for irradiation and test 1 Scope This Part of IEC 60544 specifies the controls maintained over the exposure conditions during and after the irradiation of insulating materials with ionizing radiation prior to the determination of radiation-induced chang
47、es in physical or chemical properties. This standard specifies a number of potentially significant irradiation conditions as well as various parameters which can influence the radiation-induced reactions under these conditions. The objective of this standard is to emphasize the importance of selecti
48、ng suitable specimens, exposure conditions and test methods for determining the effect of radiation on appropriately chosen properties. Since many materials are used either in air or in inert environments, standard exposure conditions are recommended for both of these situations. It should be noted
49、that this standard does not consider measurements which are performed during the irradiation. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60093, Methods of test for volume resistivity and surface resi
