1、BSI Standards PublicationWind turbinesPart 13: Measurement of mechanical loadsBS EN 61400-13:2016National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 61400-13:2016. It isidentical to IEC 61400-13:2015. It supersedes DD IEC TS 61400-13:2001which is withdrawn.The UK participation in i
2、ts preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PEL/88, Wind turbines.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct appl
3、ication. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 85978 6ICS 27.180Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee
4、 on 30 April 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 61400-13:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 61400-13 April 2016 ICS 27.180 English Version Wind turbines - Part 13: Measurement of mechanical loads (IEC 61400-13:2015) olienn
5、es - Partie 13: Mesurage des charges mcaniques (IEC 61400-13:2015) Windenergieanlagen - Teil 13: Messung von mechanischen Lasten (IEC 61400-13:2015) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2016-01-25. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipu
6、late the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member. This Europe
7、an Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC memb
8、ers are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Nor
9、way, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenu
10、e Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members. Ref. No. EN 61400-13:2016 E BS EN 61400-13:2016EN 61400-13:2016 2 European foreword The text of document 88/511/CDV, future edition 1 of IEC 61400-13, prepared by
11、 IEC/TC 88 “Wind turbines“ was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 61400-13:2016. The following dates are fixed: latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 201
12、6-10-25 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2019-01-25 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC and/or CEN shall not be held responsible for identifyi
13、ng any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 61400-13:2015 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated: IEC 6140
14、0-12-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-12-2. IEC 61400-22 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-22. BS EN 61400-13:2016EN 61400-13:2016 3 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications The following documents, in whole or in part, are normati
15、vely referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by co
16、mmon modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here: www.cenelec.eu Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC 60050 Series International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - - I
17、EC 61400-1 2005 Wind turbines - Part 1: Design requirements EN 61400-1 2005 IEC 61400-12-1 - Wind turbines - Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines EN 61400-12-1 - ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 - Uncertainty of measurement - Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertain
18、ty in measurement - - BS EN 61400-13:2016 2 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 8 INTRODUCTION . 10 1 Scope 11 2 Normative references 11 3 Terms and definitions 11 4 Symbols, units and abbreviations 14 5 General . 16 5.1 Document structure . 16 5.2 Safety during testing . 17 6 Test requir
19、ements 17 6.1 General . 17 6.2 Test site requirements 17 6.3 Measurement load cases 17 6.3.1 General . 17 6.3.2 MLCs during steady-state operation 18 6.3.3 MLCs during transient events 18 6.3.4 MLCs for dynamic characterization 19 6.3.5 Capture matrices . 20 6.4 Quantities to be measured 23 6.4.1 Ge
20、neral . 23 6.4.2 Load quantities 23 6.4.3 Meteorological quantities . 25 6.4.4 Wind turbine operation quantities . 25 6.5 Turbine configuration changes 26 7 Instrumentation 27 7.1 Load quantities . 27 7.1.1 Types of sensors . 27 7.1.2 Choice of sensor location 27 7.1.3 Measurement of blade root bend
21、ing moments 27 7.1.4 Blade bending moment distribution 28 7.1.5 Blade torsion frequency/damping . 28 7.1.6 Measurement of rotor yaw and tilt moment 28 7.1.7 Measurement of the rotor torque 28 7.1.8 Measurement of tower base bending . 28 7.1.9 Tower top bending moments 28 7.1.10 Tower mid bending mom
22、ents . 29 7.1.11 Tower torque . 29 7.1.12 Tower top acceleration 29 7.1.13 Pitch actuation loads (on hub side of pitch bearing) . 29 7.2 Meteorological quantities 29 7.2.1 Measurement and installation requirements . 29 7.2.2 Icing potential 29 7.2.3 Atmospheric stability 29 7.3 Wind turbine operatio
23、n quantities 30 7.3.1 Electrical power . 30 BS EN 61400-13:2016IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 3 7.3.2 Rotor speed or generator speed 30 7.3.3 Yaw misalignment 30 7.3.4 Rotor azimuth angle. 30 7.3.5 Pitch position . 30 7.3.6 Pitch speed . 30 7.3.7 Brake moment . 30 7.3.8 Wind turbine status 30 7.3.9 Brak
24、e status 30 7.4 Data acquisition system 31 7.4.1 General . 31 7.4.2 Resolution . 31 7.4.3 Anti-aliasing. 31 8 Determination of calibration factors . 31 8.1 General . 31 8.2 Calibration of load channels 32 8.2.1 General . 32 8.2.2 Blade bending moments 33 8.2.3 Main shaft moments 33 8.2.4 Tower bendi
25、ng moments 34 8.2.5 Tower torque . 34 8.3 Calibration of non-load channels . 35 8.3.1 Pitch angle 35 8.3.2 Rotor azimuth angle. 35 8.3.3 Yaw angle 35 8.3.4 Wind direction 35 8.3.5 Pitch actuation loads . 35 8.3.6 Brake moment . 36 9 Data verification 36 9.1 General . 36 9.2 Verification checks 36 9.
26、2.1 General . 36 9.2.2 Blade moments 37 9.2.3 Main shaft 38 9.2.4 Tower 38 10 Processing of measured data 39 10.1 General . 39 10.2 Fundamental load quantities . 39 10.3 Load quantities for larger turbines . 39 10.4 Wind speed trend detection . 39 10.5 Statistics . 40 10.6 Rainflow counting . 40 10.
27、7 Cumulative rainflow spectrum . 40 10.8 Damage equivalent load 40 10.9 Wind speed binning 41 10.10 Power spectral density 42 11 Uncertainty estimation . 42 12 Reporting. 42 Annex A (informative) Example co-ordinate systems 46 BS EN 61400-13:2016 4 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 A.1 General . 46 A.2 Bla
28、de co-ordinate system 46 A.3 Hub co-ordinate system 46 A.4 Nacelle co-ordinate system . 47 A.5 Tower co-ordinate system . 48 A.6 Yaw misalignment . 49 A.7 Cone angle and tilt angle 49 A.8 Rotor azimuth angle 50 A.9 Blade pitch angle 50 Annex B (informative) Procedure for the evaluation of uncertaint
29、ies in load measurements on wind turbines 51 B.1 List of symbols 51 B.2 General procedure 52 B.2.1 Standard uncertainty . 52 B.2.2 Analytical combination of standard uncertainties 53 B.2.3 Total uncertainty 54 B.3 Uncertainties of binned averaged values . 55 B.3.1 General . 55 B.3.2 Uncertainty of c
30、alibration and signal 55 B.3.3 Uncertainty of the bin scatter . 55 B.3.4 Uncertainty of the x-axis quantity . 55 B.3.5 Uncertainty of bin averaged mean values 55 B.4 Standard uncertainty of DEL and load spectra 56 B.5 Examples of an uncertainty evaluation 56 B.5.1 Example for analytical shunt calibr
31、ation of tower torque . 56 B.6 Determination and use of calibration matrix 63 B.6.1 Determination of the calibration matrix . 63 B.6.2 Use of the calibration matrix 64 B.6.3 Time series 65 Annex C (informative) Sample presentation of mechanical load measurements and analysis 67 C.1 General . 67 Anne
32、x D (informative) Recommendations for offshore measurements . 79 Annex E (informative) Load model validation . 81 E.1 General . 81 E.2 Methods for loads comparison 82 E.2.1 Statistical binning 82 E.2.2 Spectral functions 83 E.2.3 Fatigue spectra 84 E.2.4 Point by point 84 Annex F (informative) Metho
33、ds for identification of wind speed trends . 86 F.1 List of symbols 86 F.2 General . 86 F.3 Trend identification methods . 87 F.4 Ongoing procedure . 91 Annex G (informative) Data acquisition considerations . 92 G.1 Data acquisition system 92 G.1.1 General . 92 BS EN 61400-13:2016IEC 61400-13:2015 I
34、EC 2015 5 G.1.2 Resolution . 92 G.1.3 Sampling model and filtering 93 G.1.4 Other considerations . 95 Annex H (informative) Load calibration 96 H.1 General . 96 H.2 Gravity load calibration of the blade bending . 96 H.3 Analytical calibration of the tower bending moments . 97 H.4 External load calib
35、ration of the rotor torque . 98 Annex I (informative) Temperature drift 99 I.1 General . 99 I.2 Known issues 99 I.3 Recommendations 100 Annex J (informative) Mechanical load measurements on vertical axis wind turbines . 101 J.1 General . 101 J.2 Terms and definitions 101 J.3 Coordinate systems 101 J
36、.4 Quantities to be measured 102 J.4.1 Fundamental loads 102 J.5 Measurements 103 J.5.1 Measurement of blade attachment bending moments . 103 J.5.2 Blade mid-span bending moment . 103 J.5.3 Blade modal frequency/damping 103 J.5.4 Connecting strut bending moment 103 J.5.5 Connecting strut axial force
37、 . 104 J.5.6 Connecting strut modal frequency/damping . 104 J.5.7 Rotor shaft torque 104 J.5.8 Tower normal bending . 104 Bibliography 105 Figure 1 Fundamental wind turbine loads: tower base, rotor and blade loads 24 Figure A.1 Blade co-ordinate system 46 Figure A.2 Hub co-ordinate system 47 Figure
38、A.3 Nacelle co-ordinate system . 48 Figure A.4 Tower co-ordinate system . 48 Figure A.5 Yaw misalignment . 49 Figure A.6 Cone angle and tilt angle 49 Figure B.1 Explanation of used symbols . 61 Figure C.1 Hub-height wind speed as a function of time . 67 Figure C.2 Hub-height turbulence intensity as
39、a function of hub-height wind speed 68 Figure C.3 Turbulence intensity trending as a function of hub-height wind speed . 68 Figure C.4 Global capture matrix with all loads channels operating 69 Figure C.5 IEC example turbine at 9,1 m/s Wind turbine operational and meteorological quantities 70 Figure
40、 C.6 IEC example turbine at 9,1 m/s Major load components . 71 Figure C.7 10-minute statistics for blade 1 root edge bending 72 Figure C.8 Power spectral density of blade 1 root edge bending 73 BS EN 61400-13:2016 6 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 Figure C.9 Cumulative rainflow spectrum for blade 1 root
41、edge bending during test period . 75 Figure C.10 IEC example turbine normal shutdown at 9,5 m/s Wind turbine operational and meteorological quantities . 77 Figure C.11 IEC example turbine normal shutdown at 9,5 m/s Major load components 78 Figure D.1 Example of wave spectrum and monopile response 79
42、 Figure D.2 Example of wave spectrum . 80 Figure E.1 Measured data 82 Figure E.2 Simulated data 82 Figure E.3 Comparison of wind speed binned averaged 10 min. statistics 82 Figure E.4 Comparison of 1 Hz equivalent loads . 83 Figure E.5 Comparison of 1 Hz equivalent loads (wind speed binned) . 83 Fig
43、ure E.6 Comparison of PSD functions . 83 Figure E.7 Comparison of fatigue spectra 84 Figure E.8 Point by point comparison of wind speed time histories . 85 Figure E.9 Point by point comparison of load time histories 85 Figure F.1 Comparison of measured wind speed (vmeas), smoothing-filtered wind spe
44、ed (vfilt) and resulting trend-free wind speed (vHP) . 87 Figure F.2 Differences of turbulence intensities calculated with un-filtered and filtered wind speed versus mean measured wind speed 89 Figure F.3 Ratio of turbulence intensities calculated with un-filtered and filtered wind speed versus mean
45、 measured wind speed 90 Figure G.1 Anti-aliasing check . 93 Figure I.1 Observed scatter in the original 10-min average values of the blade edge moment together with the same signal after temperature compensation in dark blue . 99 Figure I.2 Linear regression through the offsets derived from the diff
46、erent calibration runs 100 Figure J.1 Darrieus style VAWT . 102 Figure J.2 Helical Darrieus style VAWT 102 Table 1 MLCs during steady-state operation related to the DLCs defined in IEC 61400-1 . 18 Table 2 Measurement of transient load cases related to the DLCs defined in IEC 61400-1 . 19 Table 3 ML
47、Cs for dynamic characterization 19 Table 4 Capture matrix for normal power production for stall controlled wind turbines . 21 Table 5 Capture matrix for normal power production for non stall controlled wind turbines 22 Table 6 Capture matrix for parked condition . 22 Table 7 Capture matrix for norma
48、l transient events 23 Table 8 Capture matrix for other than normal transient events . 23 Table 9 Wind turbine fundamental load quantities 24 Table 10 Additional load quantities for turbines with a rated power output greater than 1 500 kW and rotor diameter greater than 75 m 25 Table 11 Meteorologica
49、l quantities . 25 BS EN 61400-13:2016IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 7 Table 12 Wind turbine operation quantities 26 Table 13 Summary of suitable calibration methods 32 Table B.1 Uncertainty components . 56 Table B.2 Values and uncertainties for the calculation . 60 Table C.1 Binned data for blade 1 root edge bending . 74 Table C.2 Transient capture matrix for normal start-up and shutdown 76 Table C.3 Brief statis
