1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 2178:2016Non-magnetic coatingson magnetic substrates Measurement of coatingthickness Magnetic methodBS EN ISO 2178:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 2178:2016.It supersedes BS EN ISO 2178:1995 which is wi
2、thdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee STI/33, Electrodeposited and related coatings.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisio
3、ns of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 82783 9 ICS 25.220.40; 25.220.50 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard wa
4、s published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 2178 April 2016 ICS 25.220.40; 25.220.50 Supersedes EN ISO 2178:1995Engli
5、sh Version Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates - Measurement of coating thickness - Magnetic method (ISO 2178:2016) Revtements mtalliques non magntiques sur mtal de base magntique - Mesurage de lepaisseur du revtement - Mthode magntique (ISO 2178:2016) Nichtmagnetische berzge auf magnetisch
6、en Grundmetallen - Messen der Schichtdicke - Magnetverfahren (ISO 2178:2016) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 February 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a nati
7、onal standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A ver
8、sion in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
9、Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom
10、. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 2178:2
11、016 EBS EN ISO 2178:2016EN ISO 2178:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 2178:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings” the secretariat o
12、f which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2016. Attention is drawn to the
13、 possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 2178:1995. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national stan
14、dards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, L
15、uxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 2178:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 2178:2016 without any modification BS EN ISO 2178:2016ISO 2178:2016(E)Forew
16、ord v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle of measurement 24.1 Basic principle of all magnetic measurement methods . 24.2 Magnetic pull-off method . 24.3 Magnetic inductive principle 34.4 Magnetic flux gauge 55 Factors affecting measurement accuracy . 65.1 Basic i
17、nfluence of the coating thickness . 65.2 Magnetic properties of the base metal . 65.3 Electrical properties of the coating materials 75.4 Geometry: base metal thickness 75.5 Edge effect . 75.6 Geometry: surface curvature 75.7 Surface roughness 85.8 Cleanliness: lift-off effect 85.9 Probe pressure 85
18、.10 Probe tilt . 85.11 Temperature effects 95.12 External electromagnetic fields 96 Calibration and adjustment of the instrument . 96.1 General . 96.2 Thickness reference standards . 96.3 Methods of adjustment . 107 Measurement procedure and evaluation .107.1 General 107.2 Number of measurements and
19、 evaluation . 118 Uncertainty of the results .118.1 General remarks . 118.2 Uncertainty of the calibration of the instrument .128.3 Stochastic errors . 138.4 Uncertainties caused by factors summarized in Clause 5 138.5 Combined uncertainty, expanded uncertainty and final result 149 Precision 149.1 G
20、eneral 149.2 Repeatability (r) 149.3 Reproducibility limit (R) 1510 Test report 15Annex A (informative) Basic principle of all measurement methods .17Annex B (informative) Basic performance requirements for coating thickness gauges which are based on the magnetic method described in this Internation
21、al Standard .19Annex C (informative) Examples of experimental estimation of factors affecting the measurement .21Annex D (informative) Example of uncertainty estimation (see Clause 8) .26Annex E (informative) Basics of the determination of the uncertainty of a measurement of the used measurement met
22、hod corresponding to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 .29 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 2178:2016ISO 2178:2016(E)Annex F (informative) Table of the student factor 31Annex G (informative) Details on precision .32Bibliography .37iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 2178:2016ISO 2178:201
23、6(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
24、a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matt
25、ers of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This doc
26、ument was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all s
27、uch patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and do
28、es not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary inform
29、ationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 2178:1982), which has been technically revised. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 2178:2016BS EN ISO 2178:2016Non-magnetic coati
30、ngs on magnetic substrates Measurement of coating thickness Magnetic method1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies a method for non-destructive measurements of the thickness of non-magnetizable coatings on magnetizable base metals.The measurements are tactile and non-destructive on typical coat
31、ings. The probe or an instrument with integrated probe is placed directly on the coating to be measured. The coating thickness is displayed on the instrument.In this International Standard the term “coating” is used for material such as, for example, paints and varnishes, electroplated coatings, ena
32、mel coatings, plastic coatings, powder coatings, claddings.NOTE This method can also be applied to the measurement of magnetizable coatings on non-magnetizable base metals or other materials (see ISO 2361).2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced
33、 in this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 2064, Metallic and other inorganic coatings Definitions and conventions concerning the measurement of thicknessISO 461
34、8, Paints and varnishes Terms and definitionsISO 5725-1:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 1: General principles and definitionsISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)3 Terms
35、and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2064 and ISO 4618 and the following apply.3.1adjustment of a measuring systemset of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quan
36、tity to be measuredNote 1 to entry: Adjustment of a measuring system can include zero adjustment, offset adjustment, and span adjustment (sometimes called gain adjustment).Note 2 to entry: Adjustment of a measuring system should not be confused with calibration, which is a prerequisite for adjustmen
37、t.Note 3 to entry: After an adjustment of a measuring system, the measuring system shall usually be recalibrated.Note 4 to entry: Colloquially the term “calibration” is frequently but falsely used instead of the term “adjustment”. In the same way, the terms “verification” and “checking” are often us
38、ed instead of the correct term “calibration”.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2178:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 2178:2016ISO 2178:2016(E)SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 3.11 (also known as “VIM”), modified Note 4 to entry has been added.3.2calibrationoperation that, under specified condi
39、tions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation to obtain a measure
40、ment result from indicationNote 1 to entry: A calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with associated measurement uncer
41、tainty.Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called “self-calibration”, nor with verification of calibration.Note 3 to entry: Often, the first step alone in the above definition is perceived as being calibration.SOURCE: ISO/IEC Gu
42、ide 99:2007, 2.39 (also known as “VIM”)4 Principle of measurement4.1 Basic principle of all magnetic measurement methodsThe magnetic flux density close to a magnetic field source (permanent magnet or electromagnet) depends on the distance to a magnetizable base metal. This phenomenon is used to dete
43、rmine the thickness of a non-magnetic coating applied to the base metal.NOTE 1 Annex A describes the physical background of this effect in more detail.All the methods covered by this International Standard evaluate the magnetic flux density to determine the thickness of the coating. The strength of
44、the magnetic flux density is converted into corresponding electrical currents, electrical voltages or mechanical forces depending on the method used. The values are either pre-processed by digital means or are directly displayed on a usefully scaled gauge. NOTE 2 The methods described in 4.3 and 4.4
45、 can also be combined in one and the same probe with another method, e.g. with the eddy current method according to ISO 2360 or ISO 21968.Annex B describes the basic performance requirements for coating thickness gauges based on the magnetic method described in this International Standard.4.2 Magnet
46、ic pull-off methodThe magnetic flux density of a permanent magnet and thus the attraction force between a permanent magnet and a magnetizable base metal decreases with increasing distance. In this way, the attraction force is a direct measure for the coating thickness of interest.Instruments working
47、 with the magnetic pull-off method consist of at least three units: a permanent magnet; a pull-off device with continuously increasing pull-off force; a display or scale for the coating thickness, which is calculated from the pull-off force.The pull-off force can be generated by different types of s
48、prings or an electromagnetic device.Some instruments are able to compensate the influence of gravity and allow measurements in all positions.All other instruments may only be used in the position specified by the manufacturer.2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 2178:2016ISO 2178:2016(E)The locat
49、ion of measurement shall be clean and free from liquid or pasty coatings. The permanent magnet shall be free from particles.Electrostatic charging can cause additional forces on the permanent magnet or the measuring system and is therefore to be avoided or shall be discharged before the measurement.Figure 1 shows a magnetic pull-off gauge. Key1 base metal2 coating3 magnet4 scale5 springFigure 1 Magnetic pull-off gauge4.3 Magnetic inductive principleThe electrical inductivity of a coil changes when an iron core is inserted into
